This study was aimed at achieving an understanding of the role of knowledge and commitment in the process of innovation. To do that, the study confronted several intractable problems of innovation research that have created barriers to knowledge accumulation. Theoretical models were developed based on organizational knowledge and commitments and aimed at overcoming the shortcomings of the traditional research models. Theoretical models of organizational change were investigated through multiple case studies of innovation projects that compared organizations of different types and size, and change processes of both technological and administrative character. A conclusion from this research is that innovation research should learn to live with the dialectic that innovation is unrelated to knowledge or outcomes. This would help to focus research attention on the means by which knowledge is transformed into action, the central problem of the management of innovation. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This dissertation explores the role of ideas, paradigms and ideology in the definition of public policies. To understand this issue, the thesis developed a conceptual framework and a set of propositions based on the academic literature related to the meaning of ideas and paradigm change in public policy, the impact of epistemic communities, the influence of legacies and the role of ideology from the perspective of the socio-cognitive school of Critical Discourse Analysis. In this dissertation ideology is understood as the ‘fundamental beliefs of a group and its members’ (Van Dijk, 2004: 6) that form the basis of social practices (Van Dijk, 2004: 9) whereas paradigms have been defined as ‘taken for granted world views (…) that constrain the range of policy choices’ (Campbell, 2002: 21) and in turn are bounded by ideology. The research examines the case of the Catalan National Agreement on Research and Innovation (CNARI) which was developed between 2007 and 2008. To capture and analyse this process of policy design the research uses qualitative methods that include face to face interviews, documentary research and coding of visual and textual data. The findings suggests that the design of the CNARI was based on ideas that were firmly placed within a widely acknowledged overall paradigm in innovation policy that itself was shaped and limited by a dominant broader ideology. Factors influencing the role of these ideas included the fact that the underlying paradigm was widely shared across different political territories and levels within Europe, and that the ideas were propagated by two key international organisations (EU and OECD) as well as by a number of highly respected representatives of the international epistemic community, which served to re-enforce the overarching policy paradigm, introduced these policy ideas to the Catalan context, and supported their regional adaptation. The dissertation identifies three proposals for future research: 1) an examination of the role of organisational structures in elaborating and implementing policy which does not involve civil servants, 2) an exploration of how a politician’s personal experience impacts the elaboration of a political programme, and 3) an analysis of the role of open and participatory processes to define policies.

The aim of this thesis is to make policy recommendations for Turkey in order to facilitate innovative activities resulting in more patent applications in pharmaceutical industry through comparing her with the selected countries / USA, EU, Japan, India, China and Korea. The comparison is performed in terms of the patent, research and development (R&amp / D) expenditures and basic research. This study begins with firstly indicating the relationship between patents and innovation in sector basis. When it is looked at this relationship patents are the most necessary tool for pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, in the main part of the thesis the patents and innovations in pharmaceutical sector are analyzed mostly. However, this analysis is not done in all aspects but it is done in terms of research and development expenditures and basic research. Patent is mainly a result of research and development activities. Besides, basic research is also effective in making innovations and so in patent system. Because of these reasons, the relationship between patents and innovations in pharmaceutical industry are covered in terms of these two aspects-R&amp / D expenditures and basic v research-. These relationships are analyzed in country level. In this thesis, in order to see the right route for Turkey and give some advises to Turkish patent and innovation system especially in pharmaceutical industry Turkey is compared with USA, EU, Japan, China, India and Korea. The reason to take USA, EU and Japan is that, these countries are developed countries, the biggest patent offices in the world are in these countries and the number of patent applications is the highest in the offices of these countries. On the other hand, China, India and Korea are taken as subject to the comparison because these countries are developing countries like Turkey and the development levels of these countries are not too higher than Turkey. In this thesis, through comparing Turkey with the selected countries, some policy recommendations are done for Turkey and this thesis may open door to further studies on the patent and innovation system of Turkey especially in pharmaceutical industry.

Sin dalla fine degli anni 90 la Corea ha iniziato a basare la propria strategia di sviluppo economico sull’importanza delgli investimenti in R&D e oggi il paese puo’ essere considerato tra i paesi OCSE con i maggiori tassi di investimento. Tale risultato e’ stato raggiunto principalmente attraverso una forte specializzazione nei settori ad alta intensita’ di tali investimenti. Ciononostante sono recentemente emersi alcuni problemi cruciali legati alle politiche per R&D. Tra gli altri la disoccupazione giovanile legata all’effetto labour-saving delle innovazioni, la forte specializzazione in industrie ad alta tecnologia, e l’eccessiva importanza attribuita alla ricerca. Le tre questioni vengono analizzate in questo lavoro utilizzando dati a livello di impresa. Il primo contributo tratta degli effetti di R&D sull’occupazione. Le evidenze suggeriscono che tale effetto e’ inesistente nelle imprese Coreane. Il secondo conributo prende in esame la produttivita’ degli investimenti in ricerca. I risultati mostrano che tali investimenti hanno effetti non solo sulle imprese ad alta tecnologia ma anche in altri settori. Nel terzo contributo si studia il comportamento innovativo delle imprese prestando attenzione alle imprese giovani. Per queste imprese, infatti, le evidenze mostrano che investimenti in ricerca fatti internamente non sono cosi’ importanti per la produzione di innovazione. / Since 1990s Korea has started to ground the strategy for economic growth upon the role of R&D and nowadays the country shall be considered among top R&D investors in the OECD countries. This result has been achieved mainly through strong specialization in R&D-intensive industries. Nonetheless some critical issues related to R&D policy have recently emerged; Among others the problem of youth unemployment related to the labour-saving effect of innovation, the excessive specialization in high-tech industries and the magnified importance attributed to R&D. The three issues are accordingly investigated in this work by using data at the firm level. The first contribution concerns the effect of R&D investments on employment. The aim of the work is to test for the existence of a labour-saving effect of R&D investments. The evidence suggests that such an effect does not characterize Korean firms. Second contribution examines the productivity of knowledge capital. The results indicate that R&D affects firms’ productivity not only in high-tech industries but also in other sectors. In the third contribution the innovative behavior of firms is studied paying attention to young firms. In these, in fact, the evidence reveals that internal R&D is not as important for the production of innovation.

Orientadores: Sérgio Robles Reis de Queiroz, Rogério Gomes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T19:10:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_CharlesBonanide_M.pdf: 1007414 bytes, checksum: ffe719445aefd7c6bd953639ff832bae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O papel desempenhado pelas empresas multinacionais na economia internacional vem sendo objeto de grande interesse entre os pesquisadores. Principalmente devido à recente e significativa expansão dessas empresas. A internacionalização das atividades de inovação tecnológica, em especial a P&D, tem chamado atenção principalmente por serem atividades que costumavam se concentrar na matriz corporativa, localizada nos países desenvolvidos. Muitos trabalhos discutem os impactos dessas atividades sobre os países hospedeiros, por exemplo, os chamados efeitos de transbordamento ou spillovers tecnológicos. No entanto, permanecem lacunas importantes nos estudos desses impactos. Cabe, por exemplo, perguntar: os investimentos estrangeiros em atividades de P&D promovem o comércio exterior dos países hospedeiros? Essa é a questão que norteia o objetivo principal desse estudo, que buscou encontrar evidências de que os investimentos ligados a essas atividades podem promover o comércio exterior. O estudo se baseia em duas hipóteses: uma principal, para a qual os investimentos estrangeiros em P&D podem promover o saldo comercial em benefício do país hospedeiro; e outra que considera ter ocorrido evolução das atividades desenvolvidas pelas subsidiárias instaladas no país, que deixaram de realizar apenas adaptações de tecnologias desenvolvidas na matriz para executar atividades mais complexas, inserindo-se de forma mais intensa na estratégia da corporação. Para responder aos questionamentos apresentados, primeiramente o estudo buscou identificar e classificar os tipos de atividades desenvolvidas por subsidiárias de empresas estrangeiras instaladas no Brasil, utilizando como base dois modelos de inserção dessas unidades na estratégia global de P&D, o "clássico" e o novo. Os resultados apontam para uma evolução das atividades tecnológicas desenvolvidas no país, com as subsidiárias executando atividades de maior complexidade e conectadas com a estratégia global de P&D. Posteriormente, o estudo utilizou um modelo de dados em painel para avaliar os impactos que os investimentos estrangeiros exercem sobre o comércio exterior. Os resultados demonstram que os investimentos em atividades de inovação tecnológica promovem o comércio exterior. Cabe ressaltar que os investimentos em P&D repercutiram positivamente sobre o saldo comercial do país, promovendo as exportações e gerando impactos negativos sobre as importações / Abstract: The role played by multinationals in the international economy has been the subject of great interest among researchers. This is mainly due to the recent and significant expansion of these companies. The internationalization of technological innovation activities, especially R&D, has drawn attention mainly because they are activities that used to be carried out on corporate headquarters located in developed countries. A number of papers discuss the impacts of these activities on host countries, for example, technological spillovers. However, significant gaps in studies of these impacts still remain. For example, one could ask: do foreign investments in R & D promote foreign trade in the host countries? That is the question that guides the main objective of this study, which sought to find evidence that the investments related to these activities can promote foreign trade. The study is based on two assumptions: the main one is that foreign investment in R&D can promote trade balance in favor of the host country; the other one suggests there is an evolution of the activities of the subsidiaries established in Brazil, which not only perform adaptations of technologies developed in the headquarters but also perform more complex activities, connecting themselves more firmly into the corporate strategy. To respond to the questions presented, first the study sought to identify and classify the types of activities performed by subsidiaries of foreign companies installed in Brazil, using as a base two models of integration of these units in the global R&D strategy, the "classic" and the new one. The results point to an evolution of the technological activities in the country, with subsidiaries performing activities of greater complexity and connected with the global R&D strategy. Subsequently, the study used a panel data model to assess the impacts that foreign investments have on foreign trade. The results show that investments in technological innovation activities promote foreign trade. It is worth noting that investments in R&D reflected positively on the balance of trade, promoting exports and creating negative impacts on imports / Mestrado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

The purpose of this diploma thesis is to explain why the European Union considers innovation, research and development as the engine for increasing its competitiveness, to find out how this area is supported by the European Union, discover if these efforts persist despite of the economic crisis, evaluate how these effots help to rise its competitiveness, analyze in what areas the failurs persist and propose measures that would help improve European Union's performance.

Diplomová práce je zaměřena na porovnání dopadu fiskální politiky na výzkum a vývoj v automobilovém průmyslu mezi Českou republikou a Švédskem. Vyhodnocením současné situace v automobilovém průmyslu porovnává vývoj v automobilovém průmyslu pomocí ukazatelů, které ho ovlivňují. Hledá také impulsy pro zlepšení v oblasti VaV v České republice a Švédsku.

Innovation policy (science & technology policy/program) aims to stimulate industrial innovation and address the gap between ideas and the market for new products/process. Hence, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are an important target group for innovation policy. While SMEs play important economic role in Taiwan, it is more meaningful to evaluate related innovation policies, to understand the impact of polices as well as test theoretical models of interactions between the public and private sectors. This topic is significant but little studied or investigated with the chance of bias. From the perspective of program evaluation, the thesis evaluated the effect of government subsidies on SMEs¡¦ innovation including impact assessment and efficiency assessment and took the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program as an example. The target population for evaluation covered three groups: SBIR awardees, firms with rejected applications, general SME manufacturers. Questionnaires were delivered to 942 firms with SBIR Phase I or Phase II awards and 222 firms with rejected applications between 1999 and 2004; 374 and 36 valid questionnaires were returned separately. The Department of Statistics of the Ministry of Economic Affairs provided the data of general SMEs. This thesis evaluated the impact of SBIR by a quasi-experimental design and examines the efficiency by an econometric model. Main findings are as follows: A. The impact of government R&D subsidies on SMEs: 1. Innovative activity (R&D spending): Compared to other SMEs (firms with rejected applications or general SME manufacturers), the growth of SBIR awardees¡¦ R&D spending is significant. 2. Productivity (employment or sales): Compared to other SMEs (firms with rejected applications or general SME manufacturers), the growth of SBIR awardees¡¦ employment is significant. Compared to general SME manufacturers, the growth of SBIR awardees¡¦ sales is significant; but compared to firms with rejected applications, the growth of SBIR awardees¡¦ sales is not significant. B. The efficiency of government R&D subsidies on SMEs: 1. Innovative activity (R&D spending): On average, 0.28 percentage change in SBIR awardees¡¦ R&D spending is correlated with 1 percent change in subsidies (elasticity relationship). 2. Productivity (employment or sales): On average, 0.08 percentage change in SBIR awardees¡¦ employment and 0.25 percentage change in SBIR awardees sales is separately correlated with 1 percent change in subsidies (elasticity relationship).

Government support for applied Research and Development (R&D) persisted in the US despite evidence to the contrary. Many provide government R&D funding for enterprises of particular interest and a number of countries have substantially increased their expenditure on R&D. SBIR as a means of funding high-risk R&D with broad commercial and societal benefits that would not be undertaken by a single company, either because the risk was too high or because a large enough share of the benefits of success would not accrue to the company for it to make the investment. Therefore, the program¡¦s goal is to the development and application of new, enabling technologies that individual firms would not or pursue on their own and thereby encourage the economic growth that comes from the commercialization and use of new technologies in the private sector. However, very few studies of R&D policy toward innovative subsidy program in developing country. Public programs to subsidize high-technology firms have represented a significant but little-studied area of public expenditures. This article assesses the long-run success of firms participating in the SBIR program in Taiwan. The plan of this research is as follows. The purpose of this search in Taiwan is to study the impact of government-industry R&D programs on private R&D. The research has 3 important aspects. First, using a questionnaire to understand the enterprises intention and behavior which have participated in the ¡§Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)¡¨ this paper first examines whether government R&D subsidies influence firm¡¦s innovative activities. Second, this paper examines what the correlation is between government funding and private R&D expenditures. Finally, this research conducted 67 important interviews from enterprises. Not only the multi-methodology comparisons, the empirical results aimed at: 1) Examine the role of public/private partnerships (PP/Ps) as an instrument to leverage public investment in strategy technology and innovation and to achieve other goals of technology and innovation policy; 2) Identify the critical factors determining the success of R&D subsidy program for innovation, with an emphasis on programme design, financial arrangement, and evaluation 3) Government R&D subsidies have a significant positive effect or not on firm¡¦s R&D expenditure / employment / firm-financed R&D spending.

In the process of writing my diploma work I am going to focus on human resources in the company and I am going to put forward any proposals to their development and support. The main object of my work is to be granted subsidies from the European Union funds by means of accurately proposed operational programme.