Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Theology in the field of Practical Theology at the University of Zululand, 2005. / A narrative approach in homiletics courses has been more or less neglected in five theological training institutions in the Pietermaritzburg area of KwaZulu-Natal. That this approach would be beneficial in the training of preachers in this province is supported by the research of scholars concerning inter alia the workings in general of the human brain, the general suitability of "inductive" preaching for church-goers and the acceptability of narrative preaching for religious and secular society. Attention is paid to different approaches to the interpretation of Scripture, seeing that this impinges upon narrative preaching. The literary criticism of the Bible is singled out as being distinct from historical criticism and is examined as the best basis for narrative homiletics. In investigating the contribution of interpretation to meaning, attention is paid to the rote of language and the various elements of narrative i.e. closure, order, plot, characters and setting. The narrative portions of the Bible, both OT and NT, are then considered. In the OT the primary story takes place from Genesis to 2Kings and is followed by the secondary story which culminates in Malachi. Various elements in OT narrative are examined which render it distinctive. The same is done with respect to the NT with special reference to the parables of our Lord. Various practical aspects of the preaching of sermons are then considered. An important aspect is the "fieldwork" i.e. the meeting and interviewing of a selection of the various role-players on the homiletical stage. These include past and present lecturers and past and present students of the five institutions. A purpose in the interviews was to ascertain the status of narrative in the homiletics instruction at the institutions. The study concludes with the provision of a proposed series of lectures in narrative sermon preparation which I commend for use in institutions such as those which I have named in this dissertation.

A dissertation submitted in the Faculty of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Masters degree in Educational Psychology at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2012. / Higher education institutions in South Africa report dismal student graduation rates as a norm. The South African survey 2002-2003 revealed that South Africa has the highest number of higher education students in sub-Saharan Africa, but that less than two students in every ten actually graduate (Page, Loots & Toit, 2005). A similar trend is evident in American universities. The Times Higher Education Supplement reported that one in every four students drops out in the first year, and that only 54% of low income students actually graduate in six years (Marcus, 2004). There is a paucity of research on the determinants of academic success among undergraduate students at South African universities, for the present study the researcher intended to determine some factors which contribute to poor academic achievement among undergraduate students at a tertiary institution, particularly at the University of Zululand. This study used a qualitative methodology to identify the factors that contribute to students’ poor academic performance. Ten students of the University of Zululand took part in the study. A semi-structured interview was used with each participant to collect rich and reliable data and content analysis was employed for data analysis purposes. The findings indicated that most participants were affected by external factors as compared to their internal locus of control. Some of the factors that were found to be negatively related to academic achievement are: Financial difficulties, enrolment, political affiliation, and unavailability of lecturers to students. However, help-seeking has been shown to have positive impact on students’ performance. The study concluded with suggestions for practice and for further research. Further research on students’ performance could be conducted on a larger scale to obtain better results.

The mainstream investment climate literature often fails to take account the methods that firms in developing countries adopt in order to mitigate the effects of a poor investment climate. A better understanding of these informal “coping strategies” may add to the body of knowledge on what is important, and what isn’t, when it comes to prioritising investment climate reforms in developing and transitional economies. Original research from Vietnam, a country which is growing rapidly and in the midst of its transition from plan to market, shows how firms have been able to adapt their business operations given an unstable and partially reformed institutional enabling environment. By comparing the behaviour of manufacturing enterprises across a number of differing local jurisdictions, we are able to discern just how firm level coping strategies adapt. We find evidence that entrepreneurs are able to use a variety of informal institutional mechanisms to invest and operate in an inhospitable business environment where private property rights are not well protected and develop “second best” response mechanisms. These mechanisms include establishing formal and informal networks and linkages, seeking patronage and protection, and by sharing ownership with potential expropriators. We also find evidence that in the face of weak property rights protection, firms adopt approaches to reduce the costs to the original investors if third party expropriation is attempted and are less likely to reinvest retained earnings. Where they do invest, it is principally in dissolvable and/or movable assets, and adopting a higher discount rate or risk adjusted time value of money for capital investments. Similarly, we find evidence of linkages between measures of firm confidence in the local investment climate, and the extent to which firms are willing to employ outside salaried management. Thus, the thesis provides a contribution to the growing literature reviewing the development of formal and informal investment climate institutions in transitional and developing economies. The principle research finding, namely that the establishment and use of informal or second best institutional arrangements can offset some of the costs and risks associated with an otherwise weak and unstable business environment, has important implications for policymakers when it comes to the prioritization of investment climate reforms in developing countries.

Not available / text

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the Degree of Masters in Counselling Psychology in the Department of Psychology, University of Zululand, 2007. / Institutions of higher learning are faced with ever decreasing space to and from classes, libraries, offices and other facilities. This exploratory study was concerned with the perception of space by students as they constitute the majority in the institutions of higher learning. Two institutions Central University of Technology (Bloemfontein) and Free State School of Nursing campuses were involved in this study. There were 150 subjects who participated in the study, 70 were males and 80 were females. The age range of the participants was 18 to 38 years. The 150 sample of students who participated in the study, 50 were from Free State School of Nursing while 100 were from Central University of Technology. Students' perception on providing space for others was that students seem to be disrespectful of other people's space and the results were statistically significant (p<0.001). With regard to the behaviour displayed by students on campus in relation to space, about sixty nine (69.3%) of the respondents, agreed that they had been asked by other students to give space while about fifty four percent (54.7%) agreed that they were asked by lecturers to give space. Statistically this was approaching a level of statistical significance (p<0.020). Interesting results (52%), suggest that among the cultural groups in the South African context, Blacks seem to be poor in space perception. / National Research Foundation

The core research question is: how does intelligence and security services of Member States to the AU and established regional and continental security intelligence organisations collectively contribute to the implementation of the APSA? The study empirically reconstructs – descriptively, functionally and analytically – the mechanisms, magnitude and processes of intelligence cooperation at the regional and continental level within the framework of the APSA. In line with the above, the study answers these research questions: i. What are the contributions of the CEWS, as a form of open-source intelligence outfit, to the APSA? ii. What are the roles and contributions of CISSA to the AUC with particular reference to the APSA? iii. How does the Nouakchott and the Djibouti Processes contribute to implementing the APSA? Acknowledging that intelligence cooperation is strategically poised, the interest of this study is directed towards identifying, examining and evaluating established institutions and frameworks and their respective processes of intelligence cooperation. Thus, the study looks at the contribution of security intelligence towards the implementation of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) of the African Union (AU), and the thesis is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the study and outlines the research problem, methodology, sources and materials. The second chapter provides an overview of the academic debates around intelligence cooperation. The third chapter empirically reconstructs the configurations of the APSA and conceptualise the function and service roles of each pillar in a descriptive, functional and analytical lens. Chapter 4 reconstructs the operationalisation and institutionalisation of the Continental Early Warning System (CEWS) and further examine its methodology and how it aligns early warning to decision making and early action. Chapter 5 examined the roles and contributions of the Committee of Intelligence and Security Services of Africa (CISSA) to the African Union Commission (AUC) with particular reference to the APSA. Chapter 6 provides extensive analysis and reconstruction of the operationalisation of the APSA through intelligence cooperation in the Sahelo-Saharan, East and Horn of Africa regions through the Nouakchott Process and the Djibouti Process, respectively, and the last chapter concludes the study by synopsising and reflecting on the research questions and outlining the significant contributions of the study.:Acknowledgements ii List of Figures viii List of Abbreviations ix Chapter One 1 Introduction and Overview of the Study 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 State of the art 3 1.2.1 Global Intelligence Services 3 1.2.2 Intelligence Services in Africa 9 1.2.3 Intelligence Cooperation and the AU 11 1.3 Research Question 14 1.4 Research Design 15 1.4.1 Methodology 17 1.4.2 Methods 18 1.4.3 Sources and Materials 20 1.5 Organization of the thesis 21 Chapter Two 24 Intelligence Cooperation in International and Regional Organisations 24 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Intelligence Cooperation in International Organisations 25 2.3 Intelligence Cooperation in Regional Organisations 35 2.4 Intelligence Cooperation Typologies 44 2.5 Intelligence Cooperation Methodologies 47 2.6 Chapter Summary 49 Chapter Three 51 The African Peace and Security Architecture 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Structure of the APSA 52 3.2.1 Peace and Security Council 55 3.2.2 Panel of the Wise 60 3.2.3 Continental Early Warning System 67 3.2.4 African Standby Force 68 3.2.5 Peace Fund 73 3.3 APSA’s Strategic Priorities 75 3.4 APSA and RECs 80 3.5 Chapter Summary 84 Chapter Four 87 The CEWS, Intelligence cooperation and the APSA 87 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Intelligence Cooperation, Early Warning and the OAU 90 4.3 The PSC Protocol and the CEWS 97 4.4 The Operationalisation of the CEWS 100 4.5 The Institutionalisation of the CEWS 107 4.5.1 The Situation Room 107 4.5.2 The African Media Monitor 109 4.5.3 Africa Reporter 110 4.5.4 Africa Prospects 111 4.5.5 Indicators and Profile Module 111 4.5.6 The CEWS Portal 112 4.5 The CEWS Methodology 113 4.5.1 Information Collection and Monitoring 113 4.5.2 Conflict and Cooperation Analysis 118 4.5.3 Formulation of Options 121 4.5.4 Responses 123 4.6 Early Warning, Decision Making and Early Action 124 4.7 The CEWS and RECs 131 4.8 The CEWS and other Early Warning Mechanisms 134 4.8.1 Continental Structural Conflict Prevention Framework 135 4.8.2 African Peer Review Mechanism and Conflict Prevention 137 4.8.3 Horizon Scanning 139 4.9 Challenges to the CEWS 140 4.10 The Evolution and Future of the CEWS 146 4.11 Chapter Summary 149 Chapter Five 153 Committee of Intelligence and Security Services of Africa and the APSA 153 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 Genesis 154 5.3 Mandate, Vision and Mission 157 5.4 Objectives 157 5.5 Principles 162 5.6 Functions 163 5.7 Structures of CISSA and their Functions 164 5.7.1 The Conference 164 5.7.2 Panel of Experts 178 5.7.3 Bureau of the CISSA Conference 179 5.7.4 The CISSA Regions 180 5.7.5 Troika 182 5.7.6 The Secretariat 182 5.7.7 Specialised Technical Committees 187 5.8. Relationship between CISSA and the AU 188 5.9 The Intelligence and Security Committee \ CISSA Liaison Unit 189 5.10 CISSA and Regional Security Intelligence Institutions 196 5.11 Challenges to the performance of CISSA 198 5.12 Chapter Summary 210 Chapter Six 213 Intelligence Cooperation in the Nouakchott and Djibouti Processes, 2013-2021 213 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 The Nouakchott Process 216 6.2.1 Genesis 216 6.2.2 Inauguration 219 6.2.3 Implementation of the Nouakchott Conclusions 228 6.2.4 The Nouakchott Declaration 233 6.2.5 The Nouakchott Process vis-à-vis other Regional Frameworks 236 6.2.6 Post-declaration, Challenges and Prospect 237 6.3 The Djibouti Process 245 6.3.1 Background 245 6.3.2 Rationale 246 6.3.3 Establishment 247 6.3.4 Implementation Meetings 252 6.4 The Nouakchott and the Djibouti Processes 257 6.4.1 Joint Meeting 257 6.4.2 Points for Action 259 6.5 Past for the future in the present 261 6.6 Influence and Power Contestations 265 6.7 Chapter Summary 273 Chapter Seven 275 Conclusion 275 7.1 Introduction 275 7.2 Summary of key arguments 276 7.3 Contributions and suggestions for future research 286 8. References 293 8.1 Sources 293 8.2 Literature 303 8.3 Interviews 337 Assurance 338