Nous nous sommes intéressés à un problème d'optimisation sur des graphes (le problème du Vertex Cover) dans un contexte bien particulier : celui des grandes instances de données. Nous avons défini un modèle de traitement se basant sur trois contraintes (en relation avec la quantité de mémoire limitée, par rapport à la grande masse de données à traiter) et qui reprenait des propriétés issus de plusieurs modèles existants. Nous avons étudié plusieurs algorithmes adaptés à ce modèle. Nous avons analysé, tout d'abord de façon théorique, la qualité de leurs solutions ainsi que leurs complexités. Nous avons ensuite mené une étude expérimentale sur de gros graphes. De manière générale, les travaux menés durant cette thèse peuvent fournir des indicateurs pour choisir le ou les algorithmes qui conviennent le mieux pour traiter le problème du vertex cover sur de gros graphes. Choisir un algorithme (qui plus est d'approximation) qui soit à la fois performant (en terme de qualité de solution et de complexité) et qui satisfasse les contraintes du modèle que l'on considère est délicat. en effet, les algorithmes les plus performants ne sont pas toujours les mieux adaptés. dans les travaux que nous avons réalisés, nous sommes parvenus à la conclusion qu'il est préférable de choisir au départ l'algorithme qui est le mieux adapté plutôt que de choisir celui qui est le plus performant. / We are interested to an optimization problem on graphs (the Vertex Cover problem) in a very specific context : the huge instances of data. We defined a treatment model based on three constraints (in connection with the limited amount of memory compared to the huge amount of data to be processed) and that reproduces properties from several existing models. We studied several algorithms adapted to this model. We examined, first theoretically, their solutions quality and their complexities. We then conducted an experimental study on large graphs. In general, the work made during this thesis may provide indicators for select algorithms that are best suited to resolve the Vertex Cover problem on large graphs. Choose an algorithm (which is approximated) that is both efficient (in terms of quality of solution and complexity) and satisfies the constraints model whether we consider is tricky. in fact, the most efficient algorithms are not always the best adapted. In the work we have done, we reached the conclusion that, at the beginning, it is best to choose the best suited algorithm rather than the more efficient.

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La réutilisation est l’un des principaux objectifs de l’ingénierie logicielle. De nombreux concepts et mécanismes associés ont été proposés pour promouvoir la réutilisation des fonctionnalités offertes par le logiciel. L’ingénierie logicielle à base de composants (CBSE) est l’une des plus importantes approches qui ont été proposées pour augmenter la réutilisation des logiciels.Ainsi, plusieurs travaux ont été réalisés afin de restructurer les systèmes existants en systèmes à base de composants. Néanmoins, presque toutes les approches proposées visent plus l’identification des composants que l’identification des parties ré-utilisables. Ainsi, elles sont limitées à identifier des composants, correspondant à des ensembles de classes, permettantl’extraction d’une vue architecturale de l’ancien système. Mais, les composants identifiés ne peuvent pas être implantés avec un modèle concret de composants.Dans cette thèse, nous proposons deux approches pour améliorer la réutilisation des composants extraits, mais aussi faciliter la compréhension de l’architecture sous-jacente. Ainsi, la première approche vise l’identification des interfaces du composant extrait en fonction de ses interactions avec les autres composants. La seconde a pour objectif de rendre possible l’implantation des composants extraits avec un modèle concret de composants. Ceci est fait en utilisant des instances de classes (objets) qui composent les composants extraits pour déduire des instances possibles de composant.L’évaluation des approches proposées par une étude empirique montre que i) l’ensemble des interfaces identifiées correspondent aux différents aspects fonctionnels des composants extraits. ii) et, qu’il est possible d’implanter, dans un modèle concret de composants, les composants extraits sans modifier le comportement de l’application. / Reuse is one of the main goals of software engineering. Many concepts and associated mechanisms were proposed to promote the reuse of features offered by the software. Component based software engineering (CBSE) is one of the important approaches which was proposed to increase the software reuse. Thus, several works were conducted in order to restructure legacy systems into component-based ones. Nevertheless, almost all proposed approaches are more targeted for component identification than for the identification of reusable parts. Thus, they are limited to identify components, corresponding to sets of classes, allowing an extraction of the architectural view of the legacy system. But, the identified components can not be easily implemented in a concrete component model.In this thesis, we propose two approaches to improve the reusability of the extracted components and by the way facilitate the comprehension of the underlying architecture. Thus, the first approach aims the identification of the extracted component’s interfaces according to its interactions with the other components. The second one aims to make extracted components implementable within a concrete component model. This is done by using class instances (objects) that compose the extracted components to infer possible component instances.The evaluation of the proposed approaches via an empirical study showed that i) overall the identified interfaces correspond to the different functional aspects of the extracted components. ii) and, that is possible to implement, within a concrete component model, the extracted components without altering the behavior of the application.

In this thesis we address a long-term maintainability problem in Haskell type class system. In particular we study a possibility of backward-compatible changes in existing class hierarchies. In the first part of the thesis we give a brief overview of the language. The following part summarizes current proposed solutions to the problem and analyzes their properties. Based on this analysis we derive our own language extension proposal. In the penultimate chapter we present several possible applications of the language extension and compare the extension to other solutions. As a part of the thesis we also give a proof-of-concept implementation of the extension for the GHC compiler, which is briefly described in the last part of this thesis. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Background :Cloud computing has transformed the landscape of application deploy-ment, offering on-demand access to compute resources, databases, and services viathe internet. This thesis explores the development of an innovative online book-storeweb application, harnessing the power of cloud infrastructure across AWS,Azure, andGCP. The front end utilises HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to create responsive webpages with an intuitive user interface. The back-end is constructed using Node.jsand Express for high-performance server-side logic and routing, while MongoDB, adistributed NoSQL database, stores the data. This cloud-native architecture facili-tates easy scaling and ensures high availability. Objectives: The main objectives of this thesis are to develop an intuitive onlinebookstore enabling users to add, exchange, and purchase books, deploy it acrossAWS, Azure, and GCP for scalability, implement load balancers for enhanced per-formance, and conduct load testing and benchmarking to compare the efficiency ofthese load balancers. The study aims to determine the best-performing cloud plat-form and load-balancing strategy to ensure an exceptional user experience for ouronline bookstore. Comparing load balancer data across these platforms to determinetheir performance ensures the best user experience for our online bookstore by takingthe metrics. Methods: The website deployment is done on three cloud platforms by creatinginstances separately on each platform, and then the load balance is created for eachof the services. By using the monitoring tools of every platform, we get the resultinggraphs for the metrics. From this, we increase and decrease the load in the ApacheBenchmark tool by taking the specific tasks from the website and comparing thevisualisation of the results done in an aggregate graph and summary reports. It isthen used to test the website’s overall performance by using metrics like throughput,CPU utilisation, error percentage, and cost efficiency. Results: The results are based on the Apache Benchmark Load Testing Tool of aselected website between the cloud platforms. The results of AWS, Azure, and GCPcan be shown in the aggregate graph. The graph results are based on the testingtool to determine which service is best for users because it shows less load on theserver and requests data in the shortest amount of time. We have considered 10 and50 requests, and based on the results, we have compared the metrics of throughput,CPU utilisation, error percentage, and cost efficiency. The 10 and 50 requests’ resultsare compared to determine which cloud platform performs better. Conclusions: According to the results from the 10 and 50 requests, it can be con-cluded that GCP has a higher throughput and CPU utilisation than AWS and Azure.They are less flexible and efficient for users. Thus, it can be said that GCP outper-forms in terms of load balancing.

The usability of an application often plays an important role in determining its success. Accordingly, organizations that develop software have realized the need to integrate usability engineering into their development lifecycles. Although usability practitioners have successfully applied usability engineering processes to increase the usability of user-interaction designs, the literature suggests that usability practitioners experience a number of difficulties that negatively impact their effectiveness. These difficulties include identifying and recording critical usability data, understanding and relating usability data, and communicating usability information. These difficulties are particularly pronounced for novice usability practitioners. With this dissertation, I explored approaches to address these difficulties through tool support for novice usability practitioners. Through an analysis of features provided by existing tools with respect to documented difficulties, I determined a set of desirable tool features including usability problem instance records, usability problem diagnosis, and a structured process for combining and associating usability problem data. I developed a usability engineering tool, the Data Collection, Analysis, and Reporting Tool (DCART), which contains these desirable tool features, and used it as a platform for studies of how these desirable features address the documented difficulties. The results of the studies suggest that appropriate tool support can improve the effectiveness with which novice usability practitioners perform usability evaluations. More specifically, tool support for usability problem instance records helped novice usability practitioners more reliably identify and better describe instances of usability problems experienced by participants. Additionally, tool support for a structured process for combining and associating usability data helped novice usability practitioners create usability evaluation reports that were of higher quality as rated by usability practitioners and developers. The results highlight key contributions of this dissertation, showing how tools can support usability practitioners. They demonstrate the value of a structured process for transforming raw usability data into usability information based on usability problem instances. Additionally, they show that appropriate tool support is a mechanism for further integrating usability engineering into the overall software development lifecycle; tool support addresses the documented need for more usability practitioners by helping novices perform more like experts. / Ph. D.

L’absentéisme au travail en raison de santé représente un enjeu important dans la société actuelle puisqu’il est en constante croissante. Il engendre plusieurs conséquences négatives pour les entreprises québécoises. Nous nous intéressons à l’absentéisme au travail en raison de santé, abordé sous un angle juridique. Le but de notre recherche consiste à identifier, à partir d’un échantillon de soixante-dix-sept décisions jurisprudentielles, les manquements fautifs et non fautifs qui constituent une cause juste et suffisante de congédiement dans les cas d’absence au travail en raison de santé. En ce qui concerne les manquements fautifs, nos résultats démontrent qu’occuper un second emploi durant une absence du travail, effectuer des activités incompatibles avec l’état de santé déclaré, faire des fausses déclarations, falsifier des documents médicaux, le défaut d’aviser lors d’une absence du travail sans autorisation, le défaut d’aviser lors d’une absence du travail en présence d’une convention collective, le refus de retourner au travail à la suite d’une directive de l’employeur et le refus de fournir les informations médicales nécessaires ne constituent pas indéniablement une cause juste et suffisante de congédiement. Pour les manquements non fautifs, notre analyse montre que les manquements reliés à l’assiduité au travail en présence et en l’absence d’une convention collective et les manquements reliés à la capacité de reprendre le travail en l’absence et en présence de limitations fonctionnelles psychologiques et physiques et en tenant compte du risque pour sa santé et sa sécurité ou risque pour celles des autres ne sont pas dans tous les cas une cause juste et suffisante de congédiement. Il appert, dans les décisions analysées en fonction des critères de Wohl c. Joly, que l’employeur doit démontrer les trois éléments pour qu’ils constituent une cause juste et suffisante de congédiement. / Absenteeism at work due to health represents an important stake in today's society since it is constantly increasing. It creates several negative consequences for Quebec Enterprises. We are interested in work absenteeism due to health, from a legal perspective. The purpose of our research consist in identifying, from a sample of seventy-seven judicial decisions, faulty or not faulty circumstances which constitute a fair and sufficient reason for dismissal in cases of absence from work due to health. As for faulty instances, our results show that to occupy a second job during an absence from work, to carry out incompatible activities with against health limitations, making false statements, falsifying medical documents, failing to notify an absence from work without authorization or in the presence of a collective labour agreement, to refuse to return to work following a directive from the employer or to provide the necessary medical information do not constitute irrefutably a fair and sufficient reason for dismissal. For not faulty incidents, our analysis shows that the incidents related to assiduity at work with or without a collective labour agreement, instances related to the ability to return to work with or without psychological and physical limitations and by taking into account the risk for one’s health and safety, or the risk for others are not at any rate a fair and sufficient reason for dismissal. It seems, in the decisions analyzed according to the criteria Wohl c. Joly, that the employer must prove the three elements that constitute a fair and sufficient reason for dismissal.

Siegfried Kracauer a fait remarquer, déjà en 1931, que le bestseller est un « signe d’une expérience sociologique réussie ». Dans le cas des émissions littéraires à la télévision, nous assistons à une double configuration d’un succès : celui de l’émission, puis celui du livre. Au- delà de leur influence sur la consommation des livres, les programmes médiatiques sur la littérature font partie de l’ensemble de lieux communs (Robert, 2002) et, comme les écoles ou les institutions littéraires, participent à l’établissement des traditions de lecture. Ils présentent explicitement ou implicitement les titres désirables et prescrivent les normes de lecture acceptées. En présélectionnant des livres pour des milliers de gens à la fois, en invitant des auteurs à présenter leur œuvres ou en mettant en vedette des critiques littéraires, ces programmes de formats fort différents participent aux processus de légitimation culturelle. Cette thèse décrit les différentes modalités des formes de présentation du fait littéraire à la télévision et leurs évolutions. À travers une analyse d’une sélection d’émissions qui ont connu du succès à différentes époques et dans différents contextes culturels, cette recherche vise à cerner la relation médiatique qui existe entre la littérature et la télévision. Établissant ainsi les caractéristiques d’une expérience socio-médiatique réussie, cette thèse explore le dispositif de l’émission littéraire télévisuelle tel qu’il s’est développé entre 1950 et 2010, principalement en étudiant les émissions qui ont marqué la télévision nationale et le paysage littéraire en Allemagne, en Espagne et en France. En décrivant le dispositif médiatique qui fait le lien entre la conception, la production, le contenu et la portée de ces émissions, à travers une approche comparée et intermédiale, cette recherche analyse le complexe réseau de médiations qui entrent en jeu dans la construction et dans la réception de ces émissions, suivant quatre axes thématiques: le dispositif médiatique, la relation avec l’écrivain, le rôle primordial du présentateur et la mise en scène des lecteurs. / Siegfried Kracauer famously noted, in 1931, that the bestseller is the « sign of a successful sociological experience ». In the case of televised literary shows, we witness a double configuration of such a success: that of the television show and that of the book. Like the book, the literary shows depend on various factors that are sometime difficult to identify, such as the socio-historical context, the collective imaginary tied to the book and to the activity of reading, as well as the media context. Beyond their influence on the purchase of books, these literary shows constitute a part of the common spaces (Robert, 2002) and, just like the schools and literary institutions, participate in the establishment of reading traditions. They present – explicitly or implicitly – the titles considered desirable and prescribe the norms for accepted readings. By selecting books for thousands of people at a time, by inviting authors to present their works or by featuring literary critics, these shows participate in the process of cultural legitimation. This thesis describes and analyses the various ways of portraying the literary world on television and its evolutions through time and in changing cultural contexts. By analysing a selection of successful shows, it describes the existing relationship between the two media that are the book and the television. Establishing thus the characteristics of an experience that touches both media and sociology, this thesis explores the literary show’s apparatus as it developed between 1950 and 2010, mainly by studying literary programmes that marked national television and the literary field in France, Germany, and Spain. By describing the media apparatus that establishes the link between the conception, the production, the content and the impact of these shows, through a comparative and intermedial approach, this research analyses the complex network of mediations that interplay in the construction and the reception of these shows. It does so by following four key points: the media apparatus, the changing relationship with the writer, the primordial role of the presenter, and the staging of the readers.

L’absentéisme au travail en raison de santé représente un enjeu important dans la société actuelle puisqu’il est en constante croissante. Il engendre plusieurs conséquences négatives pour les entreprises québécoises. Nous nous intéressons à l’absentéisme au travail en raison de santé, abordé sous un angle juridique. Le but de notre recherche consiste à identifier, à partir d’un échantillon de soixante-dix-sept décisions jurisprudentielles, les manquements fautifs et non fautifs qui constituent une cause juste et suffisante de congédiement dans les cas d’absence au travail en raison de santé. En ce qui concerne les manquements fautifs, nos résultats démontrent qu’occuper un second emploi durant une absence du travail, effectuer des activités incompatibles avec l’état de santé déclaré, faire des fausses déclarations, falsifier des documents médicaux, le défaut d’aviser lors d’une absence du travail sans autorisation, le défaut d’aviser lors d’une absence du travail en présence d’une convention collective, le refus de retourner au travail à la suite d’une directive de l’employeur et le refus de fournir les informations médicales nécessaires ne constituent pas indéniablement une cause juste et suffisante de congédiement. Pour les manquements non fautifs, notre analyse montre que les manquements reliés à l’assiduité au travail en présence et en l’absence d’une convention collective et les manquements reliés à la capacité de reprendre le travail en l’absence et en présence de limitations fonctionnelles psychologiques et physiques et en tenant compte du risque pour sa santé et sa sécurité ou risque pour celles des autres ne sont pas dans tous les cas une cause juste et suffisante de congédiement. Il appert, dans les décisions analysées en fonction des critères de Wohl c. Joly, que l’employeur doit démontrer les trois éléments pour qu’ils constituent une cause juste et suffisante de congédiement. / Absenteeism at work due to health represents an important stake in today's society since it is constantly increasing. It creates several negative consequences for Quebec Enterprises. We are interested in work absenteeism due to health, from a legal perspective. The purpose of our research consist in identifying, from a sample of seventy-seven judicial decisions, faulty or not faulty circumstances which constitute a fair and sufficient reason for dismissal in cases of absence from work due to health. As for faulty instances, our results show that to occupy a second job during an absence from work, to carry out incompatible activities with against health limitations, making false statements, falsifying medical documents, failing to notify an absence from work without authorization or in the presence of a collective labour agreement, to refuse to return to work following a directive from the employer or to provide the necessary medical information do not constitute irrefutably a fair and sufficient reason for dismissal. For not faulty incidents, our analysis shows that the incidents related to assiduity at work with or without a collective labour agreement, instances related to the ability to return to work with or without psychological and physical limitations and by taking into account the risk for one’s health and safety, or the risk for others are not at any rate a fair and sufficient reason for dismissal. It seems, in the decisions analyzed according to the criteria Wohl c. Joly, that the employer must prove the three elements that constitute a fair and sufficient reason for dismissal.

Writing declarative models of software designs and analyzing them to detect defects is an effective methodology for developing more dependable software systems. However, writing such models correctly can be challenging for practitioners who may not be proficient in declarative programming, and their models themselves may be buggy. We introduce the foundations of a novel test automation framework, AUnit, which we envision for testing declarative models written in Alloy -- a first-order, relational language that is supported by its SAT-based analyzer. We take inspiration from the success of the family of xUnit frameworks that are used widely in practice for test automation, albeit for imperative or object-oriented programs. The key novelty of our work is to define a basis for unit testing for Alloy, specifically, to define the concepts of test case and test coverage as well as coverage criteria for declarative models. We reduce the problems of declarative test execution and coverage computation to partial evaluation without requiring SAT solving. Our vision is to blend how developers write unit tests in commonly used programming languages with how Alloy users formulate their models in Alloy, thereby facilitating the development and testing of Alloy models for both new Alloy users as well as experts. We illustrate our ideas using a small but complex Alloy model. While we focus on Alloy, our ideas generalize to other declarative languages (such as Z, B, ASM). / text