Educators in the current era face more pressure to meet learners' growing digital age learning needs, which may require fostering more vital computational thinking skills. To ensure the desired learning outcomes are attained, it is critical to know how to provide the appropriate type of guidance and assistance. The findings of this research may be significant to computer science instructors and instructional designers interested in fostering computational thinking skills and improving programming skills by designing effective worked examples. Following the integrative review methodology, the study examined the current literature on worked examples in a programming setting to determine the compelling designs of worked examples. In addition, this study examined the most employed instructional design principles in developing effective worked examples and explored factors and circumstances that may have impacted the effectiveness of those designs. This study's findings indicated several successful designs of worked examples to promote computational thinking skills in programming problems / Doctor of Philosophy / Educators focus on fulfilling learners' expanding digital age learning requirements, which may require developing more critical computational thinking skills. It is vital to understand how to give appropriate guidance and support to achieve the intended learning results in programming courses. The outcomes of this study may be helpful to computer science educators and instructional designers who aim to support learners in gaining more advanced computational thinking skills. The study used the integrative review approach to investigate the current literature on worked examples in a programming context to discover the compelling designs of worked examples. The study provides information about the factors that may affect the design in addition to discuss several instructional design principles in regard to worked examples. The outcomes of this study showed numerous successful designs of worked examples that are helping in enhancing computational thinking skills in programming tasks.

The field of Instructional Design and Technology has produced several instructional frameworks grounded in educational psychology to provide guidance for effective learning. The realm of athletics is an area that can benefit from these instructional frameworks by providing systematic methods to facilitate an efficient learning process. This study employed Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction to develop instructional guidelines for psychomotor skill learning of athletic movements to enhance athletic performance. This design and development study conducted model research through model development and model validation. Components of the guidelines reflected the Nine Events and were supported by research in motor skill learning in sports. These guidelines were then validated by subject matter experts and revised based on their recommendations. / Ph. D.

This study was conducted to identify combinations of self-efficacy enhancing strategies and language learning strategies and to align them with Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction (1985). If worked together, these combinations can be used by educators to encourage students studying abroad to acquire second language skills in a shorter amount of time. This design and development study conducted model research through model development and model validation. The considerations were created and supported by current research in the literature and validated by experts from these three areas and revised based on their recommendations. / Doctor of Philosophy / This study was conducted to establish instructional considerations that combine strategies that show, in the literature, to have an effect on second language acquisitions such as self-efficacy enhancing strategies and language learning strategies and apply these strategies in everyday instructions using Gagne's Nine Events (1985). It is hoped that the proposed considerations, after revised by expert reviewers, can be utilized when teaching second language learning skills to international students who seek higher education degrees and have limited time to acquire these skills. The considerations were created and supported by current research in three areas of the literature: self-efficacy enhancing strategies, language learning strategies, and Gagne's Nine Events (1985) and validated by experts from these three areas.

This case study examined asynchronous online instruction to suggest practices of delivering a traditional lab-based course via the Internet and effective ways of teaching in such an environment. Numerous studies were outlined to compare traditional and distance education student outcomes, commonly referred to as the media comparison approach. This approach, as it pertains to the instructional design process, was outlined in-depth to provide an outline for future online courses in Herbaceous Plants. The instructor's enthusiasm and interests about delivering an online course led to the development and implementation of the first Herbaceous Plants course at The George Washington University. The course was offered in an attempt to address the growing needs and requests of the Landscape Design students for a course on herbaceous plants. Institutions can use this study to gain insight into the technologies used in distance education and how traditional lab-based courses can be taught through asynchronous, online environments. A well developed distance education program can be a time saving, cost-effective solution in higher education. In order to implement similar courses, institutions should complete individualized instructional designs prior to the development of the course. While technologies such as the Internet, email, and videostreaming have effectively facilitated dramatic increases in our abilities to disseminate information, distance education is not the solution to every educational challenge. In time, online instruction will take its place in contemporary education while continuing to expand educational opportunities to new and distant audiences whose quest for knowledge would otherwise be hampered by time or distance. / Master of Science

Undergraduate courses such as mathematics, science, and computer programming require high levels of decision making, concentration, and cognitive demand. Researchers in the field of instructional design are interested in effective instructional strategies that can aid practitioners in teaching such abstract and complex skills. One example of an instructional strategy that has proven effective in teaching these skills is cognitive apprenticeship (CA). While CA has been applied to courses such as mathematics and computer programming in face-to-face and blended learning environments, there is little evidence of the advantages of applying CA in a fully online computer programming course. Specifically, the introductory programming course, CS1, is the first contact that undergraduate computer science students have with their chosen major. Historically, drop-out rates for CS1 have been high and thus strategies for effective teaching of this course have served as an important topic in the research literature. The goal was to design and validate internally an online CS1 course that incorporates CA strategies. A two-phase design and development research method was used to guide the construction and internal validation of a fully online CS1 course. Phase one resulted in the design and development of the course guide. An expert-review process using the Delphi technique was implemented in phase two to validate the design with regard to its effectiveness, efficiency, and appeal. Three rounds of review by the panel resulted in consensus. Results from the expert-review confirmed the application of CA as an effective, efficient, and appealing instructional strategy to use when designing an online CS1 course. Future research should focus on external validation of the design by implementing the course to evaluate its effectiveness, efficiency, and appeal among stakeholders. In addition, it is hoped that the course guide can be used to help practitioners design and implement a fully online CS1 course that uses CA strategies.

The main aim of this study is to develop an instructional design model of drama course for preservice teachers in Faculty of Education. Firstly, to reach this aim the models in the literature were reviewed and the model was created as synthesis of them. In addition of this, the drama courses at universities were examined and the last version of this model was shaped. Secondly, the effectiveness of the model was tested through developing a drama instruction to the preservice English Language teachers. The sample was consisted of 16 preservice teachers from the department of English Language Teaching in Faculty of Education, Middle East Technical University. The results of the study showed that the instructional design model worked appropriately in constructing a drama education course and this 10-week drama course had a positive effect on the preservice teachers&rsquo / tendency towards drama and basic knowledge about drama. Furthermore, this study revealed the process of drama instruction in universities step by step for the practitioners who works in education field.

This mixed-methods single case study explored how outcome-based instructional design can be used to incorporate social software into an existing e-learning course. Pre-service teachers enrolled in a teacher education program at a Canadian university volunteered to participate in a study where social software was incorporated into a foundations course to facilitate digital literacy development, social objects production, and reflection on how these experiences connect to future teaching practice. The instructional design process was guided by a conceptual framework and informed by W(e)Learn, a well-tested e-learning design and evaluation framework. The quantitative and qualitative data were collected from the instructional designer’s journal, participant surveys, course records and interviews. Findings provided a comprehensive view of the effectiveness of outcome-based instructional design. In general, participants achieved the expected learning outcomes for this study. There were also unexpected outcomes. For example, some learners created a virtual community of practice. Some learners had an influence on their in-service teacher’s use of social software in teaching and learning. The findings supported the literature that states an outcome-based instructional design approach can facilitate learning. The findings also revealed why participants used social software in their teaching (e.g. awareness, usefulness, and school environment). In addition, these findings can inform school board policy with regard to supporting the use of social software in teaching and learning. The integration of qualitative and quantitative findings revealed convergence and divergence between the two types of data. In addition the findings informed directions for further research, including the relationship between learners’ satisfaction and learning experiences as well as the achievement of learning outcomes. The corroboration of data also identified specific effective and iii imperfect areas of the instructional design strategies, which, in turn, informed the revision of the conceptual framework for outcome-based instructional design. This study found W(e)learn to be effective in guiding outcome-based instructional design and analyzing the achievement of expected learning outcomes. The study also contributes to theory by recommending the inclusion of two new elements into W(e)learn. Painstakingly recording the instructional design process in a journal resulted in documented practical information and lessons learned that may guide and benefit instructional designers and educators who want to incorporate software into their learning activities.

abstract: The purpose of this instructional design and development study was to describe, evaluate and improve the instructional design process and the work of interdisciplinary design teams. A National Science Foundation (NSF) funded, Transforming Undergraduate Education in Science (TUES) project was the foundation for this study. The project developed new curriculum materials to teach learning content in unsaturated soils in undergraduate geotechnical engineering classes, a subset of the civil engineering. The study describes the instructional design (ID) processes employed by the team members as they assess the need, develop the materials, disseminate the learning unit, and evaluate its effectiveness, along with the impact the instructional design process played in the success of the learning materials with regard to student achievement and faculty and student attitudes. Learning data were collected from undergraduate geotechnical engineering classes from eight partner universities across the country and Puerto Rico over three phases of implementation. Data were collected from students and faculty that included pretest/posttest scores and attitudinal survey questions. The findings indicated a significant growth in the learning with the students of the faculty who were provided all learning materials. The findings also indicated an overall faculty and student satisfaction with the instructional materials. Observational and anecdotal data were also collected in the form of team meeting notes, personal observations, interviews and design logs. Findings of these data indicated a preference with working on an interdisciplinary instructional design team. All these data assisted in the analysis of the ID process, providing a basis for descriptive and inferential data used to provide suggestions for improving the ID process and the work of interdisciplinary instructional design teams. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Educational Technology 2015

abstract: This study investigated the effects of concurrent audio and equivalent onscreen text on the ability of learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) to form associations between textual and aural forms of target vocabulary words. The study also looked at the effects of learner control over an audio sequence on the association of textual and aural forms of target words. Attitudes towards experimental treatments and reported level of cognitive load were also examined in the context of a computer-based multimedia instructional program. A total of 200 college students took part in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to experimental conditions in a 2 x 3 factorial design with level of learner control (learner-controlled vs. not-learner-controlled) and format of presentation of information (audio + no text vs. audio + full text vs. audio + keyword text) as factors. The subjects completed a pretest, a posttest, cognitive load questions, and an attitude questionnaire. The results revealed the following findings: (a) groups in the audio + keyword text conditions outperformed those in the audio + no text and audio + full text conditions on text-sound association, (b) within the audio + keyword text conditions, the learner-controlled group outperformed the not-learner-controlled group on text-sound association, (c) within the learner-controlled conditions, the audio + keyword group outperformed the audio + no text and audio + full text groups on text-sound association, (d) a redundancy effect was not found for any treatment condition, and (e) overall, participants had positive attitudes towards the treatments. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed within the frameworks of cognitive load theory and cognitive theory of multimedia learning. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Educational Technology 2014

This mixed-methods single case study explored how outcome-based instructional design can be used to incorporate social software into an existing e-learning course. Pre-service teachers enrolled in a teacher education program at a Canadian university volunteered to participate in a study where social software was incorporated into a foundations course to facilitate digital literacy development, social objects production, and reflection on how these experiences connect to future teaching practice. The instructional design process was guided by a conceptual framework and informed by W(e)Learn, a well-tested e-learning design and evaluation framework. The quantitative and qualitative data were collected from the instructional designer’s journal, participant surveys, course records and interviews. Findings provided a comprehensive view of the effectiveness of outcome-based instructional design. In general, participants achieved the expected learning outcomes for this study. There were also unexpected outcomes. For example, some learners created a virtual community of practice. Some learners had an influence on their in-service teacher’s use of social software in teaching and learning. The findings supported the literature that states an outcome-based instructional design approach can facilitate learning. The findings also revealed why participants used social software in their teaching (e.g. awareness, usefulness, and school environment). In addition, these findings can inform school board policy with regard to supporting the use of social software in teaching and learning. The integration of qualitative and quantitative findings revealed convergence and divergence between the two types of data. In addition the findings informed directions for further research, including the relationship between learners’ satisfaction and learning experiences as well as the achievement of learning outcomes. The corroboration of data also identified specific effective and iii imperfect areas of the instructional design strategies, which, in turn, informed the revision of the conceptual framework for outcome-based instructional design. This study found W(e)learn to be effective in guiding outcome-based instructional design and analyzing the achievement of expected learning outcomes. The study also contributes to theory by recommending the inclusion of two new elements into W(e)learn. Painstakingly recording the instructional design process in a journal resulted in documented practical information and lessons learned that may guide and benefit instructional designers and educators who want to incorporate software into their learning activities.