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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Estudos estruturais e funcionais de diidroorotato desidrogenases / Structural and functional studies of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase

Carvalho, Sheila Gonçalves do Couto 28 March 2008 (has links)
As enzimas diidroorotato desidrogenases (DHODHs) são flavo-enzimas que catalisam a oxidação do diidroorotato em orotato na quarta etapa da biossíntese de novo de nucleotídeos de pirimidina. Durante a rápida proliferação celular em mamíferos, a via de salvação de pirimidinas é insuficiente para suprir deficiências na síntese de nucleotídeos. Além disso, certos parasitas não possuem a via de salvação e contam somente com a biossíntese de novo para a produção de nucleotídeos. Por esta razão, DHODH se tornou um excelente alvo na busca por inibidores que interrompam a síntese de nucleotídeos. As enzimas DHODHs de E. coli (EcDHODH) e de X. fastidiosa (XfDHODH) são membros da classe 2 das DHODHs e encontram-se associadas à membrana citoplasmática através de uma extensão em seu N-terminal, enquanto que DHODH de T. cruzi (TcDHODH), membro da classe 1 de DHODHs, é uma proteína citosólica. Neste trabalho, usamos uma combinação de metodologias de biologia molecular e bioquímica com técnicas espectroscópicas para obter informações estruturais e funcionais acerca da enzima DHODH. Assim, Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE) associada à marcação de spin sítio dirigida (SDSL) e simulação espectral foram empregadas para estudar a interação da EcDHODH com modelos de membrana. Mudanças na dinâmica estrutural das vesículas induzidas pela enzima foram monitoradas via marcadores de spin localizados em diferentes posições ao longo da cadeia acil de fosfolipídios. Além disso, técnicas de DNA recombinante e mutações sítio dirigidas foram utilizadas para produzir mutantes de EcDHODH no qual um sondas paramagnéticas foram seletivamente ligadas em resíduos localizados na extensão N-terminal da proteína para experimentos subseqüentes de RPE-SDSL. Esses são os primeiros experimentos de marcação de spin sítio dirigida realizados no Brasil e com os quais monitoramos a dinâmica experimentada na região do N-terminal. Além disso, várias tentativas foram feitas para se expressar e purificar a enzima XfDHODH e a estabilidade estrutural da enzima TcDHODH na presença de um de seus inibidores naturais, o orotato, foi monitorada através de experimentos de Dicroísmo Circular (CD). / Dihydroorotate dehydrogenases (DHODHs) are flavin-containing enzymes which catalyse the conversion of (S)-dihydroorotate to orotate, in the fourth step of the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. In rapidly proliferating mammalian cells, pyrimidine salvage pathway is insufficient to overcome deficiencies for nucleotide synthesis. Moreover certain parasites lack salvage enzymes, relying solely on the de novo pathway to produce nucleotides. Thus, DHODH has turned out an excellent target to the development of inhibitors that block nucleotide biosynthesis. E. coli DHODH (EcDHODH) and X. fastidiosa DHODH (XfDHODH) are class 2 DHODHs found associated to cytosolic membranes through an N-terminal extension, whereas T. cruzi DHODH (TcDHODH) is a class 1 DHODH localizated in the cytoplasm. In the present work, we used a combination of molecular biology and biochemical methodologies with spectroscopic techniques to obtain structural and functional information on DHODH. On one hand, Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) associated with Site-directed Spin Labeling (SDSL) and spectral simulation were employed to study the interaction of EcDHODH with vesicles. Changes in vesicle dynamic structure induced by the enzyme were monitored via spin labels located at different positions along the phospholipid acyl chain and via spin labels located at enzyme specific positions. On the other hand, DNA techniques and site-directed mutagenesis were used to produce mutants of EcDHODH where a nitroxide spin probe was selectively attached to some residues located at the protein N-terminal extension for subsequent EPR-SDSL experiments. These are the first site-directed spin labeling experiments performed in Brazil and the spectra allowed us to monitor dynamics experienced by those residues at the EcDHODH N-terminal domain. Furthermore, molecular biology and biochemical assays were employed with the objective of expressing and purifying XfDHODH and Circular Dichroism (CD) was utilized to probe the structural stability of TcDHODH in the presence of its natural inhibitor (orotate).
2

Estudos estruturais e funcionais de diidroorotato desidrogenases / Structural and functional studies of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase

Sheila Gonçalves do Couto Carvalho 28 March 2008 (has links)
As enzimas diidroorotato desidrogenases (DHODHs) são flavo-enzimas que catalisam a oxidação do diidroorotato em orotato na quarta etapa da biossíntese de novo de nucleotídeos de pirimidina. Durante a rápida proliferação celular em mamíferos, a via de salvação de pirimidinas é insuficiente para suprir deficiências na síntese de nucleotídeos. Além disso, certos parasitas não possuem a via de salvação e contam somente com a biossíntese de novo para a produção de nucleotídeos. Por esta razão, DHODH se tornou um excelente alvo na busca por inibidores que interrompam a síntese de nucleotídeos. As enzimas DHODHs de E. coli (EcDHODH) e de X. fastidiosa (XfDHODH) são membros da classe 2 das DHODHs e encontram-se associadas à membrana citoplasmática através de uma extensão em seu N-terminal, enquanto que DHODH de T. cruzi (TcDHODH), membro da classe 1 de DHODHs, é uma proteína citosólica. Neste trabalho, usamos uma combinação de metodologias de biologia molecular e bioquímica com técnicas espectroscópicas para obter informações estruturais e funcionais acerca da enzima DHODH. Assim, Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE) associada à marcação de spin sítio dirigida (SDSL) e simulação espectral foram empregadas para estudar a interação da EcDHODH com modelos de membrana. Mudanças na dinâmica estrutural das vesículas induzidas pela enzima foram monitoradas via marcadores de spin localizados em diferentes posições ao longo da cadeia acil de fosfolipídios. Além disso, técnicas de DNA recombinante e mutações sítio dirigidas foram utilizadas para produzir mutantes de EcDHODH no qual um sondas paramagnéticas foram seletivamente ligadas em resíduos localizados na extensão N-terminal da proteína para experimentos subseqüentes de RPE-SDSL. Esses são os primeiros experimentos de marcação de spin sítio dirigida realizados no Brasil e com os quais monitoramos a dinâmica experimentada na região do N-terminal. Além disso, várias tentativas foram feitas para se expressar e purificar a enzima XfDHODH e a estabilidade estrutural da enzima TcDHODH na presença de um de seus inibidores naturais, o orotato, foi monitorada através de experimentos de Dicroísmo Circular (CD). / Dihydroorotate dehydrogenases (DHODHs) are flavin-containing enzymes which catalyse the conversion of (S)-dihydroorotate to orotate, in the fourth step of the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. In rapidly proliferating mammalian cells, pyrimidine salvage pathway is insufficient to overcome deficiencies for nucleotide synthesis. Moreover certain parasites lack salvage enzymes, relying solely on the de novo pathway to produce nucleotides. Thus, DHODH has turned out an excellent target to the development of inhibitors that block nucleotide biosynthesis. E. coli DHODH (EcDHODH) and X. fastidiosa DHODH (XfDHODH) are class 2 DHODHs found associated to cytosolic membranes through an N-terminal extension, whereas T. cruzi DHODH (TcDHODH) is a class 1 DHODH localizated in the cytoplasm. In the present work, we used a combination of molecular biology and biochemical methodologies with spectroscopic techniques to obtain structural and functional information on DHODH. On one hand, Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) associated with Site-directed Spin Labeling (SDSL) and spectral simulation were employed to study the interaction of EcDHODH with vesicles. Changes in vesicle dynamic structure induced by the enzyme were monitored via spin labels located at different positions along the phospholipid acyl chain and via spin labels located at enzyme specific positions. On the other hand, DNA techniques and site-directed mutagenesis were used to produce mutants of EcDHODH where a nitroxide spin probe was selectively attached to some residues located at the protein N-terminal extension for subsequent EPR-SDSL experiments. These are the first site-directed spin labeling experiments performed in Brazil and the spectra allowed us to monitor dynamics experienced by those residues at the EcDHODH N-terminal domain. Furthermore, molecular biology and biochemical assays were employed with the objective of expressing and purifying XfDHODH and Circular Dichroism (CD) was utilized to probe the structural stability of TcDHODH in the presence of its natural inhibitor (orotate).
3

Analyse et validation du comportement directionnel des outils de forage couplés aux systèmes de forage dirigé / Analysis and validation of drill bits directional behavior coupled with rotary steerable systems

Ben Hamida, Malek 13 June 2013 (has links)
Nous présentons dans ce mémoire un modèle d'interaction outil-roche qui calcule les efforts de forage en fonction du déplacement dans la roche d'un outil de forage de type PDC, et permet d'évaluer ses propriétés directionnelles, à savoir, son indice d'anisotropie (steerability) et son angle de walk. Le mouvement de l'outil est défini par une translation suivant trois axes et une rotation suivant deux axes. L'angle de tilt, qui définit l'inclinaison de l'outil par rapport à l'axe du trou en cours de forage, est pris en compte dans le calcul des surfaces d'interactions effectives entre les différentes composantes de l'outil (structure de coupe, garde active et garde passive) et la roche. Ce modèle outil est établi à partir d'une modélisation de la coupe de roche par un taillant. Ce modèle de coupe élémentaire est construit de manière à être applicable aux différentes parties de l'outil. Les efforts élémentaires de coupe sont intégrés sur toute la structure de l'outil de forage afin de calculer ses propriétés directionnelles. Le modèle d'interaction outil-roche est validé à partir d'essais de forage directionnel réalisés sur un banc spécialement conçu pour reproduire le comportement des systèmes de forage dirigé existants. Il constitue un outil d'aide à la décision pour la sélection de l'outil de forage en fonction du système au bout duquel il sera fixé. Ce modèle pourra aussi être intégré dans une boucle de régulation automatique ou semi-automatique de contrôle et de correction de la trajectoire en temps réel. / This work deals with the formulation of global relationships between kinematic variables describing the penetration of a PDC bit into the rock and drilling forces acting on it. This allows us determine the bit directional properties in terms of steerability, which corresponds to the bit lateral aggressiveness, and walk, which describes the bit azimuth displacement with respect to the side force. The bit kinematic quantities are divided into a three-axis penetration vector and a two-axis angular penetration vector. The bit tilt, which describes the angle between the bit revolution axis and the borehole tangent, is used to compute the effective interaction surface between the bit's different components (cutting structure, active gauge and passive gauge) and the rock. A new cutter-rock interface law is set up and experimentally validated in order to compute elementary forces acting on all parts of a drill bit. Bit directional properties are computed after the integration of these elementary forces. The bit-rock interaction model is experimentally validated with directional drilling tests held on a full-scale drilling bench developed to reproduce Rotary Steerable Systems (RSS) directional behavior. Tests and theoretical results enabled us to fully understand the roles of tilt angle, bit design, operating parameters and rock properties in the deviation process of a PDC bit. The bit-rock interaction model is a decision support tool for optimal drill bit selection according to the RSS being used. It could also be embedded in a real-time Closed-Loop Guided Directional Drilling controller in order to correct the drilling direction or follow a planned borehole trajectory.

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