Cette thèse a pour ambition de montrer dans quelle mesure la presse géorgienne de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle qui constitue une source historique précieuse sur cette période, permet de suivre l’évolution des transferts culturels européens et de cerner le profil social et politique des médiateurs géorgiens de ces transferts. Elle s’intéresse aux discours qui accompagnent l’introduction du mode de vie moderne et du progrès technique, aux réactions suscitées par le regard que les Européens portent sur la Géorgie, mais aussi à l’expérience que les Géorgiens rapportent de leurs séjours en Europe. En effet, ces voyages, qui leur permettent d’observer la vie politique et sociale européenne et d’établir des contacts avec les milieux intellectuels, s’inscrivent dans la perspective de contribuer, de retour dans leur patrie, au succès du projet politique auquel, désormais, ils s’identifient. Notre travail accorde une place importante à l’étude des mécanismes qui rendent possibles les flux d’importation dans le domaine de la littérature et des sciences : institution d’un champ intellectuel, élaboration d’une nouvelle terminologie, mise en place de critères de sélection des textes étrangers et stratégies discursives facilitant leur diffusion. En élucidant ces critères, qui conduisent à la sélection des textes et des auteurs européens ou au choix des références à l’Europe, nous nous attachons à analyser dans quelle mesure les transferts se font le reflet d’un contexte historique caractérisé par la formation d’une conscience nationale et d’idéologies concurrentes qui, dès les premières années du XXe siècle, conduiront la Géorgie de la révolution à l'indépendance. / This dissertation aims to show in what measure the Georgian press of the second half of the nineteenth century, which constitutes a precious historical resource for study of this time period, allows us to follow the evolution of cultural transfers from Georgia to Europe and to understand the political and social profile of the Georgian mediators of these transfers. It manifests an interest in the discourses that accompany the introduction of modern living and technological progress in the country, in the reactions inspired by the European perspective on Georgia, and also in the experience that the Georgians bring back home after their travels in Europe. In fact, these travels allow them to observe European political and social life and to establish contacts with intellectual milieus in order to contribute, when they return to their country, to the success of the political projects with which they would identify. My work centers on the mechanisms that have made possible the flow of foreign cultural transmission in the fields of literature and science: the institution of an intellectual field, the elaboration of a new terminology, the establishment of selection criteria for foreign texts, and the establishment of discursive strategies facilitating the diffusion of such texts. In elucidating these criteria, which lead to the selection of European texts and authors or to the choice of references to Europe, I will analyze in what measure the transfers reflect a historical context characterized by the formation of a national consciousness and competing ideologies that, from the beginning years of the twentieth century, would lead Georgia from revolution to independence.

Cette thèse a pour ambition de montrer dans quelle mesure la presse géorgienne de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle qui constitue une source historique précieuse sur cette période, permet de suivre l’évolution des transferts culturels européens et de cerner le profil social et politique des médiateurs géorgiens de ces transferts. Elle s’intéresse aux discours qui accompagnent l’introduction du mode de vie moderne et du progrès technique, aux réactions suscitées par le regard que les Européens portent sur la Géorgie, mais aussi à l’expérience que les Géorgiens rapportent de leurs séjours en Europe. En effet, ces voyages, qui leur permettent d’observer la vie politique et sociale européenne et d’établir des contacts avec les milieux intellectuels, s’inscrivent dans la perspective de contribuer, de retour dans leur patrie, au succès du projet politique auquel, désormais, ils s’identifient. Notre travail accorde une place importante à l’étude des mécanismes qui rendent possibles les flux d’importation dans le domaine de la littérature et des sciences : institution d’un champ intellectuel, élaboration d’une nouvelle terminologie, mise en place de critères de sélection des textes étrangers et stratégies discursives facilitant leur diffusion. En élucidant ces critères, qui conduisent à la sélection des textes et des auteurs européens ou au choix des références à l’Europe, nous nous attachons à analyser dans quelle mesure les transferts se font le reflet d’un contexte historique caractérisé par la formation d’une conscience nationale et d’idéologies concurrentes qui, dès les premières années du XXe siècle, conduiront la Géorgie de la révolution à l'indépendance. / This dissertation aims to show in what measure the Georgian press of the second half of the nineteenth century, which constitutes a precious historical resource for study of this time period, allows us to follow the evolution of cultural transfers from Georgia to Europe and to understand the political and social profile of the Georgian mediators of these transfers. It manifests an interest in the discourses that accompany the introduction of modern living and technological progress in the country, in the reactions inspired by the European perspective on Georgia, and also in the experience that the Georgians bring back home after their travels in Europe. In fact, these travels allow them to observe European political and social life and to establish contacts with intellectual milieus in order to contribute, when they return to their country, to the success of the political projects with which they would identify. My work centers on the mechanisms that have made possible the flow of foreign cultural transmission in the fields of literature and science: the institution of an intellectual field, the elaboration of a new terminology, the establishment of selection criteria for foreign texts, and the establishment of discursive strategies facilitating the diffusion of such texts. In elucidating these criteria, which lead to the selection of European texts and authors or to the choice of references to Europe, I will analyze in what measure the transfers reflect a historical context characterized by the formation of a national consciousness and competing ideologies that, from the beginning years of the twentieth century, would lead Georgia from revolution to independence.

The art of reading and its application to knowledge acquisition and innovation by elites have been largely neglected by historians of print culture and reading in late imperial China (1368-1911). Unlike most studies, which are concerned more with the implied reader and individual reading experience, the present study assumes that the actual reader and the social, cultural and epistemic dimensions of reading practices are the central issues of a history of reading in China. That is, while the art of reading was internalized by the individual, his learning and application of it had social, cultural and epistemic features. At a time when secular reading practices in Renaissance England were informed by Erasmian principles, Ming literati, regardless of their different philosophical stances, were being trained in an art of reading proposed by Zhu Xi (1130-1200), whose Neo-Confucian philosophy had been esteemed as orthodox since the fourteenth century. Transformations and challenges in interpreting and applying his art did not hinder its general reception among elite readers. Its common employment determined the practitioner’s epistemic frame and manner of knowledge innovation. My dissertation consists of five chapters bracketed with an introduction and conclusion. Chapter One discusses Zhu’s theory of reading and the implied pattern of acquiring and innovating knowledge, based on a careful reading of his writings and conversations. Chapter Two describes the transmission of Zhu’s theory from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries. During its transmission, Zhu’s art was reedited, rephrased, and even readapted by both government agencies and individual authors with different intentions and agendas. Chapter Three focuses on the reception of Zhu’s theory of reading by 1500 and argues that the moral end of reading eventually triumphed over the intellectual one in early Ming Confucian philosophy. Chapter Four explores the affinity of Ming philosophers of mind with Zhu’s theory in their reading concepts and practices from 1500 to the mid-seventeenth century. Despite their attempts to separate themselves intellectually from the Song tradition, Ming philosophers of mind followed Zhu’s rules for reading in their intellectual practices. Chapter Five outlines the reading habits and knowledge landscape based on a statistical survey of extant Ming imprints. Despite some deviations, the Ming reading habits and knowledge framework largely accorded with Zhu’s theory and its Ming adaptations. The continuity of reading habits from Zhu’s time to the seventeenth century, I conclude, inspires us to rethink the Ming apostasy from the Song tradition. The particularity of scholarly knowledge acquisition and innovation in Ming-Qing China by the eighteenth century was not invented by Ming-Qing scholars but anticipated by Zhu through his theory of reading. With respect to late imperial China, the history of reading, together with the history of knowledge, is yet to be fruitfully explored. With this dissertation, I hope to be able to make a contribution to the understanding of the East Asian orthodox habit of reading as represented by Zhu’s admirers. By placing my investigation in the context of the history of knowledge, I also hope to contribute to the understanding of the relationship of reading to the way that knowledge evolved in traditional China. Intellectual historians tended to consider the Ming Confucian tradition as having broken off from the Cheng-Zhu tradition, but at least in reading habits and practices Ming elite readers perpetuated Zhu’s theory of reading and the knowledge framework it implied.

Cette thèse a pour ambition de montrer dans quelle mesure la presse géorgienne de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle qui constitue une source historique précieuse sur cette période, permet de suivre l’évolution des transferts culturels européens et de cerner le profil social et politique des médiateurs géorgiens de ces transferts. Elle s’intéresse aux discours qui accompagnent l’introduction du mode de vie moderne et du progrès technique, aux réactions suscitées par le regard que les Européens portent sur la Géorgie, mais aussi à l’expérience que les Géorgiens rapportent de leurs séjours en Europe. En effet, ces voyages, qui leur permettent d’observer la vie politique et sociale européenne et d’établir des contacts avec les milieux intellectuels, s’inscrivent dans la perspective de contribuer, de retour dans leur patrie, au succès du projet politique auquel, désormais, ils s’identifient. Notre travail accorde une place importante à l’étude des mécanismes qui rendent possibles les flux d’importation dans le domaine de la littérature et des sciences : institution d’un champ intellectuel, élaboration d’une nouvelle terminologie, mise en place de critères de sélection des textes étrangers et stratégies discursives facilitant leur diffusion. En élucidant ces critères, qui conduisent à la sélection des textes et des auteurs européens ou au choix des références à l’Europe, nous nous attachons à analyser dans quelle mesure les transferts se font le reflet d’un contexte historique caractérisé par la formation d’une conscience nationale et d’idéologies concurrentes qui, dès les premières années du XXe siècle, conduiront la Géorgie de la révolution à l'indépendance. / This dissertation aims to show in what measure the Georgian press of the second half of the nineteenth century, which constitutes a precious historical resource for study of this time period, allows us to follow the evolution of cultural transfers from Georgia to Europe and to understand the political and social profile of the Georgian mediators of these transfers. It manifests an interest in the discourses that accompany the introduction of modern living and technological progress in the country, in the reactions inspired by the European perspective on Georgia, and also in the experience that the Georgians bring back home after their travels in Europe. In fact, these travels allow them to observe European political and social life and to establish contacts with intellectual milieus in order to contribute, when they return to their country, to the success of the political projects with which they would identify. My work centers on the mechanisms that have made possible the flow of foreign cultural transmission in the fields of literature and science: the institution of an intellectual field, the elaboration of a new terminology, the establishment of selection criteria for foreign texts, and the establishment of discursive strategies facilitating the diffusion of such texts. In elucidating these criteria, which lead to the selection of European texts and authors or to the choice of references to Europe, I will analyze in what measure the transfers reflect a historical context characterized by the formation of a national consciousness and competing ideologies that, from the beginning years of the twentieth century, would lead Georgia from revolution to independence.

Yun Wai Foo. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-169). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / CONTENTS --- p.1 / TABLES AND FIGURES --- p.2 / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.3 / Problem of Culture in the Cultural Revolution --- p.3 / History of Print and Read in the Cultural Revolution： A Social Prelude to Maoism --- p.14 / Chapter II. --- HEGEMONY AND BOOK PRINTING IN COMMUNIST CHINA --- p.26 / Ideological Determination and Book Industry --- p.26 / Book Printing in the Cultural Revolution --- p.32 / Chapter III. --- SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE PRC --- p.44 / Knowledge in the PRC --- p.44 / Inefficacy of cultural reproduction in the cultural revolution --- p.52 / Chapter IV --- HISTORY OF READING IN THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION --- p.74 / Collective Memory and the Cultural Revolution --- p.74 / Chinese Reading Myth： Simply Read Marx ？ --- p.81 / What People Read ？ Alternative Reading in Communist China …… --- p.97 / How People Read? The Way and War to Knowledge --- p.115 / Construction of Intellectual Network in the Cultural Revolution --- p.122 / Chapter V --- CONCLUSION --- p.134 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.139

By reconstructing his lecture activities, I found and discussed the conflicts and debates Li had with other philosophical schools of his times. In so doing, I also discussed the interaction between Li's learning and the philosophical traditions of places where he taught, for example, his difference with the traditions of the Zhu Xi school in Fujian. What emerged is that Li was a strong and unyielding philosopher who was able to give theoretical coherence to his disciples but failed to spread his teachings into established schools of thought. / From the case of Li Cai, this dissertation finds that three elements were common and crucial to the founding of a new philosophical school in middle and late Ming times---a doctrine couched in some terse expressions, expressions deriving from the Great Learning as key terms of the doctrine, and organized lecture activities. The dissertation also argues that it was the fundamental notions of achieving learning by oneself (zide) and transmission of the orthodox Way (daotong) that drove the creation of original arguments and "discussion of learning" activities in the late Ming. Li Cai worked himself to distinction amid this practice of the time by formulating his own doctrine on ethics. His emphasis on "cultivation of the person" is a deliberate counteraction to the "extension of innate knowledge" of Wang Yangming, whose school by Li's time had much indulged in the liberation of the individual to the neglect of social norms. Engaging himself as a teacher, Li Cai also cast himself as a rival to Wang Yangming. He considered his endeavor as an act of transmitting the Way and his doctrine as providing true insights into the teaching of Confucianism. More precisely, he considered his zhixiu doctrine a loyal representation of the teachings of Confucius and his great disciple Zeng Shen. / Li talked about his zhi-xiu doctrine everywhere he went. He advanced this doctrine by means of establishing academies (shuyuan), publishing his own works, organizing discussions and debates, lecturing to large audiences, and engaging in philosophical exchanges through correspondence with his discussants. He engaged himself in activities like these when he was director of a bureau in the minister of War, an assistant surveillance commissioner in Guangdong, and an administrative vice commissioner in charge of military affairs in the southwestern border region of the Ming empire. He lost no enthusiasm in championing his doctrine even when he was an exile in Fujian province for more than ten years. / The study begins with an analysis of the Daxue (Great Learning) , the most important Neo-Confucian classic in late imperial times, which exists in a large number of versions since Northern Song times. I first analyze the most cited versions, identifying especially the differences between Zhu Xi's orthodox version and the so-called Old Text derived from the classic Record of Rites. The latter version gained ascendance from the late fifteenth century when Wang Yangming's school strongly advocated it. / This dissertation studies a well-known, but not yet well studied, statesman and philosopher of the sixteenth century, Li Cai, and his relationship to the building of philosophical schools in the world of Ming Confucianism. It hopes to throw lights on the study of Ming intellectual communities as well as on the general intellectual history of late imperial China. / To distinguish himself from both Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming, Li Cai provided a new version of the Great Learning by rearranging the texts of the Old Text and Zhu Xi's version as well as the text in the Shijing daxue (Stone Classics Great Learning), which is a forgery but acclaimed by many scholars of the time. Li Cai formulated his own philosophical doctrine from this new version and summed it up with the term zhixiu, which stands for the word zhi and the word xiu, respectively, which in turn are abbreviations of the phrases zhi yu zhishan (abiding by the supreme good) and xiushen (cultivation of the person), phrases that denote key notions in the Great Learning. He theorized that zhi refers to the substance and xiu refers to the practice of his doctrine. In actuality, he takes zhi to mean focusing on nourishing the mind and xiu to mean self-examination and watchfulness in the cultivation of the self. / 劉勇. / Adviser: Chu Hung-Lam. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: 2187. / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 362-389). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Liu Yong.

This dissertation situates late nineteenth-century Berlin's reception of naturalist drama in contemporary discourse about European modernism, which to date has disregarded the significant impact of this cultural environment. Examining the Berlin avant-garde's demand for "truth" and "authenticity," this study highlights its legacy of promoting more honest and dynamic forms of human interaction. Sketching the historical background, Chapter 1 demonstrates how the reception of Henrik Ibsen in Berlin fuelled creative strategies for a more honest approach to theatre. From literary matinees to more egalitarian ways of directing theatre, this moment in cultural history significantly shaped people's understanding of theatre as a tool for social criticism and as a means of creating a sense of intimacy. Two important figures are highlighted here: literary critic and theatre director Otto Brahm, central to the promotion of naturalism, and his more prominent protégé Max Reinhardt, who developed Brahm's legacy. Situating these developments in a theoretical framework, Chapter 2 draws on the concept of "the everyday" as set out by Toril Moi, Stanley Cavell, and Ludwig Wittgenstein to link the role of the ordinary on stage to the avant-garde's search for authenticity and truthfulness. Through this framework, Ibsen's social dramas from A Doll's House to Hedda Gabler (Chapter 3) can be seen perfectly to exemplify this shift in perspective from the 1880s through the 1890s, revealing the complexity of truthfulness in communications. Tracing these themes in other dramatic works, innovative readings of Arthur Schnitzler's Liebelei (Chapter 4) and Rainer Maria Rilke's Das tägliche Leben (Chapter 5) shed new light on these two fin-de-siècle authors. By highlighting these authors' previously unrecognised connections with Berlin's avant-garde theatre scene and their dramatic exploration of interpersonal connection, this study shows both how theatre functioned as a tool to examine human relationships and to what extent twentieth-century literature was grounded in this way of thinking.

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Writers and poets who wrote in the "language of Venice" are far more numerous than is commonly reported in the history of Italian literature. It is the purpose of this dissertation to present and highlight their works. / Since here we mainly deal with writers and poets of the second half of the twentieth century, for which there is no roll call, we deemed it appropriate to research and introduce them, supplying for each of them detailed biobibliographical data. / In the course of our work we tried to sketch a subdivision of the matter which keeps in mind what has been previously done, but which is also new if one takes into account the whole scope and breadth of this literature.