The demand of wood products will increase in the future when fossil-based fuel will be replaced by fossil free fuels. To meet the growing demand in the future, production increasing measurements must have to be done today. One of the most effective measurements, that increases production, is fertilization in young stands of spruce. Such measurements can give increased production of 8-12 m3sk/ha/year and reduce rotation periods by 40- 60 years in northern Sweden and 20- 40 years in southern Sweden. In this report, fertilization of young spruce stands has been studied when the operation has been implemented in a more practical scale. The aim was to compare if production differs when fertilization is implemented in a more practical scale than in previous studies of fertilization. The stands where located in Gullspång and Hällefors and this revision was made in the winter of 2018. The result of this revision showed an increased production of 102% in Gullspång and 210% in Hällefors in the fertilized stands compared to the unfertilized stands at the same locations. This indicate that fertilization of young spruce stands, when it is exercised in a bigger practical scale, is an effective measurement to increase production in Swedish forestry. / I framtiden förväntas efterfrågan och behovet av skogsråvara att öka. Vid en omställning från fossilbaserade bränslen till fossilfria kommer behovet av bioenergi av skogsråvara att öka, samtidigt förväntas exporten av massa och sågade råvaror att vara fortsatt stor. Det behövs satsas på produktionshöjande åtgärder i skogsbruket för att kunna tillgodose det ökande behovet av skogsråvara från skogsindustrin och samhället i framtiden. En av de effektivaste åtgärderna som går att göra är ungskogsgödsling av gran, vilket kan ge en merproduktion på 8–12 m3sk/ha och år och sänka omloppstider med 40–60 år i norra Sverige och 20–40 år i södra Sverige. I detta arbete har tillväxteffekten av ungskogsgödsling studerats när det utförts i operationell praktisk skala. Två bolagsförsök i SLU:s försöksprogram Fiberskog har studerats. Försöken är anlagda i Gullspång respektive Hällefors där målet var att studera möjligheten med att bedriva ungskogsgödsling av gran i större praktisk skala. Gödslingen startade vid 2–4 m höjd och gödslades vartannat år med individuellt anpassad giva fram till beståndet slutit sig. Tillväxten mättes med 6 års mellanrum med start 2003. Denna revision är utförd vintern 2018 (tre växtsäsonger efter senaste revision) och resultatet visar att tillväxteffekten av ungskogsgödsling kan ge en merproduktion på 102% och 210% på den totala volymen i Gullspång respektive Hällefors. Detta tyder på att ungskogsgödsling av gran är en effektiv åtgärd när det utförs i operationell praktisk skala och bör vara ett alternativ för det svenska skogsbruket i framtiden.

The availability of abundant renewable resources, lack of fossil fuels and difficult geographical terrain for grid line extensions contribute to the advantages of renewable based decentralized rural electrification in Ne-pal. Solar home system (SHS) and micro-hydro are the most commonly adopted off-grid renewable energy technologies in the country. This dis-sertation examines the market of renewable energy based rural electrifi-cation within prevailing policy and programmes framework. The study verifies whether the market has been able to serve the poor in Nepal. It also captures the perception of various stakeholders (e.g. private sup-ply/installation companies, NGOs, financial institutions and the donor‘s programme) regarding the business, financing issues and the role of gov-ernment policy on the market development. In addition, the study dis-cusses and analyses renewable based rural electrification supply models, the economics behind rural electrification, market drivers and market distribution in the rural areas of Nepal. The financial mix in the off-grid rural electrification is generally charac-terized by subsidy, equity and credit. The study shows that awareness about renewable energy technologies and willingness to pay for electricity access has increased considerably. However, there is a huge financial gap between the cost of electrification and affordability among the poor. The distribution analysis shows there is significant increment in the extensive growth but decrease in the intensive growth rate of rural electrification thus indicating market expansion with uneven penetration among the ru-ral people. Solar PV technology is still not in the reach of the economic poor. Access to credit and cumbersome subsidy delivery mechanisms have been perceived as the major factors affecting the expansion of rural electrification by the stakeholders, requiring innovation in the credit and subsidy delivery system so that a larger rural population can be given ac-cess to electrification. / QC 20110502