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Compétitivité des légumineuses vis-à-vis des adventices : traits impliqués dans la capture précoce de l’azote minéral du sol et complémentarité des traits entre espèces dans des associations légumineuse-non légumineuse / Competitiveness of legume species against weeds : traits involved in the early soil nitrogen uptake and complementarity of traits in legume-non legume intercropping systemsDayoub, Elana 06 June 2017 (has links)
Accroître la compétitivité des cultures vis-à-vis des adventices est un levier essentiel pour concevoir des systèmes de culture moins dépendants des herbicides. Les légumineuses sont des espèces majeures pour diversifier les systèmes mais elles sont réputées peu compétitives vis-à-vis des adventices. Cependant la variabilité entre espèces en particulier pendant la phase précoce a été peu explorée. Ce travail vise à i) étudier, via deux expérimentations en rhizotrons en serre, les traits impliqués dans la croissance et l’acquisition d’azote (N) en début de cycle chez une gamme d’espèces de légumineuse et les conséquences sur la compétition légumineuse-adventice et à ii) quantifier au champ l’intérêt d’associations légumineuse-non légumineuse (colzalégumineuses, maïs-légumineuses pérennes, la légumineuse étant plante de service) sur la croissance et la composition de la flore adventice. Nous montrons qu’il existe une variabilité entre espèces de capture d’N en début de cycle en lien avec les réserves azotées de la semence et l’exploration racinaire. La croissance et l’acquisition d’N de l’adventice sont impactées différemment selon l’espèce de légumineuse pendant la phase précoce. Les essais au champ montrent l’intérêt de combiner des espèces aux traits complémentaires pour l’utilisation des ressources conduisant à un meilleur contrôle des adventices tout en maintenant la productivité de la culture. Cette étude montre aussi que la composition de la flore est modifiée en fonction de la légumineuse insérée dans le système en lien à la fois avec les traits des légumineuses et les traits de réponse des adventices. / Enhancing crop competitiveness against weeds is a relevant way in order to design cropping system less dependent on herbicides. Legumes are key species in diversified cropping systems but they are known to be low competitive against weeds. However, inter-specific variability especially in the early growth had been little studied. Our work aims to i) study, via two greenhouse experiments in rhizotrons, the traits involved in the growth and nitrogen (N) acquisition for a range of legume species and the impacts on weed-legume competition at the beginning of crop cycle and to ii) quantify under field experiments the interest of legume-non legume intercropping (oilseed rapelegumes, maize-perennial legumes, where legume species were grown as service plant) on weed growth and weed species composition. Our results highlighted the inter-specific variability for soil N uptake in the early growth in relation with seed reserves and rooting exploration. Weed growth and N acquisition are influenced differently as a function of legume species in the early growth. Field experiments show the advantage of species combinations with complementary traits for using resources, leading to better weed control while maintaining crop productivity. This study shows also that weed species composition was modified as a function of legume species in relation with both legume traits and weed traits response.
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Uplatnění meziplodin jako stabilizujícího prvku v protierozní ochraněŠÍMOVÁ, Kristýna January 2019 (has links)
The aim of the work is to find out the application of intercrops and their influence in crop rotation in the cadastral area of Krašovice u Čížové. The first part of the thesis deals with erosion, anti-erosion measures and intercrops. In the second part there is a calculation of erosion shear on given cadastral area. The erosion of soil on the soil blocks is calculated using the Wischmeier-Smith equation (USLE). The wash is then further compared, using crop rotation and crop rotation with the application of intercrops.
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Snížení erozní ohroženosti pozemků prostřednictvím meziplodin a jejich aplikace na vybrané pozemkové úpravěJÁNOŠÍK, Vojtěch January 2016 (has links)
This thesis covers and evaluates the possibilities of using sowing procedures in the contemporary Czech agriculture. The first part of the thesis analysis erosion, anti-erosion protection and endowment policy. Universal Wischmeier-Smith equation for calculating soil loss from lan is described in the second part. The effectiveness of anti-erosion of some selected sowing procedures is analysed at the selected cadastral Čestice.
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Uplatnění meziplodin jako stabilizujícího prvku proti erozním splachům / Application of intercropping as a stabilizing element against erosion washes awayKUKAČKA, Vladislav January 2010 (has links)
The thesis was focused on the application of theorethical knowledge about catch crops and their influence on water erosion in practice. Its task is to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of catch crops in crop rotation in light of occurance and extent of water erosion on the example of agricultural enterprise ZEPHYR Františkovy Lázně, s.r.o. The task is also assessment of the possible combinations of crops and catch crops and suggestion for their use in middlegrowth period. The universal equation for calculation of erosion wash by Wischmeier and Smith was used to evaluate and calculate an erosion parameters for a given locality. The result of this thesis is reduction of soil loss by 26 % on lands with catch crop usage as a stabilizing element, compared to the classic conservative rotation of crops.
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Bases para o cultivo org?nico de feij?o-caupi [Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.)] no estado do Rio de Janeiro. / Organic farming systems for cowpea [Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.)] in the state of Rio de Janeiro.Guedes, Rejane Escrivani 25 March 2008 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2008-03-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Cowpea genotypes submitted to organic management were evaluated for grain yield and
green manure, as well as intercropped with corn, under field conditions of Serop?dica, state of
Rio de Janeiro. In the year of 2005, 53 cowpea genotypes were compared at the Integrated
Agroecology Produc tion System ( SIPA Km 47 Agroecologic Farm) relating to qualitative
and quantitative agronomic traits. Data were treated by following univariate and multivariate
statistical analysis. Significant differences were detected with respect to all the evaluated
parameters. Genotypes EES-02, EES-08, EES-26, EES47, Feij?o-Caupi and Feij?o Mau?
showed favourable attributes for immature (=green) grain yield. They presented determinate
growth habit with moderate branchding and flowering stage up to 45 days after sowing, only
differing by pod and grain colors. Univariete analysis demonstrated high variability among
cowpea genotypes. However, multivariate analysis was more efficient to joint selected
agronomic traits for identification of genotyp ic groups, which can be important in cowpea
breeding programs. Cowpea and corn intercrops also submitted to organic cultivation were
evaluated by means of two field experiments carried out at SIPA. In Experiment 1, the
cowpea cultivars Mau?, BRS Mil?nio and Olho de Peixe were intercropped with corn (cv.
AG-1051) to function as green manures. A randomized blocks design was employed in
factorial 2x3 scheme (two corn plant spacing x three cowpea cultivars). In Experiment 2,
Mau? cowpea and AG-1051 corn were intercropped for harvesting immature (=green)
grains and spikes, respectively. Treatments consisted of four time intervals between cowpea
and corn sowing. As for Experiment 1, corn planted in double rows favoured cowpea aboveground
biomass production, probably due to a greater amount of light admitted into the
system. Results from Experiments 2 indicated that intercrop with cowpea did not decrease
corn yield which reached averages of 9,5 and 5,9 Mg ha-1 of ears with and without straw,
respectively. Regarding cowpea grain yield of Mau? cultivar its single crop was superior to
the intercrops exceeding 1400 kg ha-1. Treatment corresponding to 21 days of interval
between cowpea and corn sowing differed from the other types of intecrops, with yield
attaining 978,75 ka ka-1. It is concluded that the intercropping system can se adopted in the
region without risks of lowering corn yield due to competition, being three weeks (21 days)
the most adequate time interval between sowing. / Foi avaliado, em sistema org?nico de produ??o, o desempenho de gen?tipos de feij?o-caupi
com potencial para produ??o de gr?os verdes e aduba??o verde, e em cons?rcios com o milho,
nas condi??es da Baixada Fluminense, munic?pio de Serop?dica, estado do Rio de Janeiro. No
ano de 2005, em ?rea do SIPA, (Sistema Integrado de Produ??o Agroecol?gica Fazendinha
Agroecol?gica Km. 47 ), foram avaliados 53 gen?tipos de feij?o-caupi, segundo
caracter?sticas fitot?cnicas qualitativas e quantitativas. Os dados foram submetidos a an?lise
de vari?ncia univariada e a an?lise multivariada. Houve diferen?a significativa para todos os
par?metros avaliados. Os gen?tipos EES-02, EES-08, EES-26, EES-47, Feij?o-Caupi e Feij?o
Mau? reuniram caracter?sticas mais adequadas para colheita de gr?os verdes, apresentando
porte semi-ramador, h?bito de crescimento determinado, com florescimento at? 45 dias ap?s
semeadura, diferindo apenas pela colora??o da vagem e do gr?o. Os resultados da an?lise
univariada demonstraram alta variabilidade entre os gen?tipos. Por?m, para o caso de se
reunir v?rios atributos fitot?cnicos, constituindo grupos de gen?tipos, a an?lise multivariada
se mostrou mais eficiente e pode ser de valia para o melhoramento do feij?o-caupi. Foi
avaliado, ainda, o desempenho agron?mico dos cons?rcios do milho com o feij?o-caupi
submetidos ao manejo org?nico, atrav?s de dois experimentos conduzidos no SIPA. No
Experimento 1, avaliou-se o desempenho de tr?s cultivares de feij?o-caupi para aduba??o
verde do milho (cv. AG-1501) em cons?rcios simult?neos. As cultivares de feij?o-caupi
Mau?, BRS Mil?nio e Olho de Peixe foram utilizadas, adotando-se delineamento de blocos ao
acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (dois espa?amentos de milho e tr?s cultivares de feij?ocaupi).
No Experimento 2, avaliou-se o cons?rcio entre feij?o-caupi (cv. Mau?) e milho (cv.
AG-1051) para colheitas de gr?os verdes e de espigas verdes, respectivamente. Os
tratamentos constaram de quatro intervalos entre as semeaduras de feij?o-caupi e de milho.
No Experimento 1, o espa?amento do milho em fileiras duplas favoreceu a produ??o de
biomassa a?rea fresca de feij?o-caupi, muito provavelmente pela maior entrada de luz no
sistema. Os resultados do Experimento 2 indicaram que o cons?rcio n?o interferiu na
produtividade do milho, colhendo-se, em m?dia, 9,5 e 5,9 Mg ha-1 de espigas verdes
empalhadas e desempalhadas, respectivamente. Com rela??o ? produ??o de gr?os verdes da
cv. Mau? de feij?o-caupi, o monocultivo superou os cons?rcios com o milho, ultrapassando
1400 kg ha-1. O cons?rcio correspondente a 21 DAM (dias antes do milho) diferiu dos demais
tipos de cons?rcio, sendo superior, em produ??o, que atingiu 978,75 kg ha-1. Concluiu-se que
o sistema de cons?rcio com o feij?o-caupi pode ser adotado na regi?o sem risco de perdas na
produtividade do milho por efeito de competi??o, sendo de tr?s semanas (21 DAM) o
intervalo mais adequado entre as semeaduras.
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