The main purpose of this study is to examine and to evaluate the reception of Stefan Zweig and his works in Russia, as well as the perception of Russia by Stefan Zweig recorded in his recollections of his trip to Russia in 1928, when he took part in the festivities dedicated to the hundredth anniversary of Leo Tolstoy's birth. I will also analyze the meeting and the correspondence between Zweig and Gorky, as well as the correspondence between Zweig and Romain Rolland, in which the two of them shared their views on Soviet Russia. The study concurs that Zweig was one of the most popular and widely translated authors in the world. Russia, as well as the former Soviet Union, was and is part of that world. The main body of Zweig's works was translated into Russian. However, it was later revealed that Zweig's works were translated on a selective basis. His last and most outstanding non-fictional work, his autobiography Die Welt von Gestern, for instance, had never appeared as a whole in the Soviet Union. The struggle of the translator with the authorities in the former Soviet Union to get the book published will be also a topic for discussion.

The process of professionalization initiated by the Peruvian army in 1896 under French influence did not withdraw the military from political involvement. On the contrary, as the process of professionalization advanced, the army developed a professional militarism, that is, military political participation for reasons based on the institutions professional ethos. The Peruvian army had traditionally claimed a broad military jurisdiction including extra-military roles. French instructors reinforced such claimed incorporating a broad military jurisdiction into the armys professional ethos, which justified military coups during the twentieth-century as well as the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces (1968-1980). Historians Frederick M. Nunn and Daniel M. Masterson do not take sufficiently into account the impact of nineteenth-century militarism on Peruvian military thought. These scholars argued that Peruvian officers were aping their French mentors when twentieth-century military magazines claimed nation building as a defense prerequisite or when Francophile officers declared a civilizing and social mission for the army. However, in 1888, over 120 Peruvian officers established the Centro Militar del Perú and published the Revista Militar y Naval, which systematized the military mind born from the centurys military experience. The articles in the Revista demonstrate that before the process of professionalization initiated in 1896, the Peruvian military mind consisted of attitudes and perspectives stressing the necessity of a strong military, the supremacy of society over the individual, the destructiveness of civilian partisan politics, and a broad military jurisdiction, which included administrative, nation-building, civilizing, and constitutional guardian functions. Consequently, this thesis focuses on nineteenth-century militarism and political culture arguing that by late 1880s the essential elements of the Peruvian military mind behind twentieth-century professional militarism had already come together.

In recent years, biofiltration technology has been used at numerous locations worldwide as an air pollution control technology for treating gases contaminated with low concentrations of biodegradable volatile organic compounds (VOCs). At the same time, there have been many reports in the literature of contaminant emissions from biofilters during transient loading conditions. There is currently a need to develop methods for controlling such emissions. Periodically operated bioreactors have been used successfully in treatment of wastewater and soils for several decades to mitigate the effects of uncontrolled unsteady-state loading on waste treatment systems. Such operating strategies have only recently been applied to biofilters treating gas-phase contaminants. Research described herein compared contaminant removal efficiency in biofilters subjected to periodic operating strategies to that of a conventional continuously loaded biofilter. Methy ethyl ketone (MEK), a compound that is regulated as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) under the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments, was used as a model compound. Experiments were conducted to assess the ability of biofilters to remove MEK during quasi-steady state conditions (i.e., ¡°normal¡± operation) as well as during transient periods of elevated contaminant loading (i.e., ¡°shock loading¡± conditions). An influent MEK concentration of 106 ppmv was used for normal loading experiments while a concentration of five times that (530 ppmv) was applied during one-hour shock loading experiments. Shock loading experiments were conducted to evaluate both active and passive control techniques. Results reported herein demonstrate that controlled periodic operating strategies can enhance contaminant removal of MEK during transient periods of elevated contaminant load. Shock loading experiments testing active control strategies resulted in MEK removal efficiencies greater than 95% for the periodic systems, while ranging from 55 to 70% for the continuously loaded biofilter. Removal efficiencies for the periodically operated systems dropped to less than 30% during experiments conducted to assess biofilter response to uncontrolled contaminant loading in the absence of an active control strategy. Thus, while periodic operation coupled with an active control strategy can improve biofilter performance during at least some transient loading conditions, there is a clear need for adequate control systems if such an operating strategy is adopted.

Counterinsurgency is one of the most difficult forms of conflict an army can face. After defeating Spanish forces in Manila during the Spanish-American War, a well-developed insurrection, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, challenged the United States Army for nearly four years. Although the army in 1898 was unprepared for a large-scale, two-front war, it conducted an extremely effective counterinsurgency campaign 7000 miles from home in inhospitable terrain. Despite lacking a formal, written counterinsurgency doctrine, the frontier experiences of the army, orally passed on from one generation of soldiers to the next, provided invaluable lessons that could be applied in the Philippines. This was only of limited benefit, however, since the vast majority of soldiers who fought in the Philippines were volunteers, with limited military experience. The army's senior leaders, many veterans of the Civil War and Indian campaigns, were able to apply their experiences and develop effective strategies to counter the insurrection. General Elwell S. Otis immediately realized that a military solution alone would not end the insurgency. By implementing President William McKinley's policy of benevolent assimilation, Otis attempted drive a wedge between the Philippine people and the guerrillas. The insurgents countered this tactic by resorting to a campaign of terror to insure continued support from the people. Otis' subordinates, realizing policy of attraction had failed, then developed and implemented a strategy designed to isolate the guerillas from their base of support, the village, and then defeat the guerrillas militarily. This strategy, belatedly endorsed by General Arthur MacArthur, eventually caused the collapse of the insurrection in many areas of the Philippines. In the final stages of the conflict, the army adopted more repressive measures, which stiffened resistance. Only when the Americans employed the policies of conciliation and repression in the correct proportion were they able to end the insurrection.

This research consists of two projects concerned with handwheel-valve operations. The purposes of poject-1 were to: (1) compare accepted reference contraction (RC) procedures (also known as maximum voluntary contraction or MVC) in the literature for the anterior deltoid and trapezius muscles to newly proposed RC procedures; and (2) introduce an innovative ergonomic design of a valve wrench and compare it to conventional valve-opening methods. The proposed RC procedure for the anterior deltoids involved positioning the shoulders at 90o flexion with fixed straps wrapped around the distal end of the upper arm, on which participants exerted upward isometric forces. The proposed RC procedure for the trapezii involved performing isometric lateral raises at 100o shoulder abduction against fixed chains. Results showed that the proposed RC produced 58% and 46% higher EMG levels for the right and left anterior deltoids, respectively, than the accepted RC. Also, the proposed RC for the right and left trapezii produced 68% higher EMG levels than the accepted RC. In conclusion, both proposed RC procedures for the anterior deltoids and trapezii muscles allowed the production of higher EMG activities than the accepted RC procedures in the literature. Four valve-opening methods were evaluated, including using bare hands (BH), conventional wrench-restricted (CW-R, assumes the presence of obstructions), conventional wrench-unrestricted (CW-U, assumes no obstructions), and modified wrench (MW). These methods were tested on a medium-sized gate valve at two torque settings (15 Nm and 30 Nm). The methods were compared to each other, in terms of the time to open the valve, perceived physical exertion (Borg-scale), and electromyography (EMG) activities of the right and left anterior deltoids, trapezii, latissimi dorsi, and erector spinae muscles. The method that was associated with the lowest overall EMG activities was CW-R, followed by BH, MW, and finally CW-U. According to the Borg-scale, the method that was perceived to be the least physically demanding was MW (3.0), followed by CW-U (3.5), CW-R (4.4), and finally BH (4.8). The method that required the least time to fully open the valve was MW (23.1 s), followed by CW-U (25.6 s), BH (39.8 s), and finally CW-R (88.5 s). This project designed an ergonomic wrench that is more efficient in opening valves and less physically strenuous than conventional valve-opening methods. The purpose of project-2 was twofold: (1) to determine operators maximum torque production capabilities on a handwheel at various heights (knee, elbow, shoulder, and overhead levels) and angles (0o, 45o, and 90o); and (2) to investigate the shoulder and trunk muscle activities associated with the different height-angle combinations. Measurements of maximal isometric torque exertions and EMG activities of the same muscles as in project-1 were recorded at each height-angle combination. The average maximum torque exertions ranged between 51.6 Nm (found at overhead 0o) and 74.9 Nm (found at overhead 45o) depending on the height and angle of the handwheel. Considering both the EMG results and the maximal torque exertions, the optimum height and angle of a handwheel appeared to be at shoulder 0o. At this height and angle, the reaction forces from the torque exertions were not concentrated at any one muscle, but rather the load was distributed on different muscles. Seven of the eight muscles were active at or close to their lowest EMG activities. Also, at this handwheel position, participants were capable of producing fairly large torques (65.2 Nm). Using the maximum torque data and Potvins Equation, this study also developed graphs of maximum acceptable torque limits for valve systems as a function of duty cycle (DC: the percentage of time an individual is engaged in effort) and the handwheel height and angle. The findings from this project may contribute to the development of design standards for handwheel-valve systems (i.e. standard handwheel height, angle, and torque).

Recent literature studies have demonstrated depletion in natural resources; therefore, making resources needed for the pavement industry is more costly. There is a need to minimize cost and to try to reduce the depletion of natural resources. While the recycling of asphalt shingles is beneficial in reducing the consumption of virgin materials, pavement performance should not be compromised. One major concern with recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) relates to the variability in the properties of the recycled materials originating from different sources. In addition, the rheological properties of RAS have not been evaluated as well as its influence on the virgin binder when used in asphalt mixtures. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to characterize the rheological properties and molecular fractions of RAS materials sampled from different sources around the country. In addition, the influence of RAS on the Superpave Performance Grade (PG) of the binder was investigated. Results of the experimental program indicated that the asphalt cement (AC) content in tear-off shingles was consistent among different RAS sources across the country. However, AC content in manufacturer waste shingles was noticeably lower than in tear-off shingles. Furthermore, all extracted RAS binders were graded as PG 118 or higher using the Superpave binder specification system but the low temperature grade was not measurable due to the high stiffness of the binder. This stiff behavior is due to the binder used in shingle manufacturing, which is an air-blown asphalt binder with stiff characteristics and low elongation properties. Results showed that at a RAS content of up to 5%, the high temperature grade of the blends was increased by one to seven grades and the low temperature grade was increased by one grade. The use of binder blending charts is recommended to account for the influence of RAS in the mix design. At a RAS content of 10%, the binder blends did not pass the Superpave criterion at low temperature.

The aim of this study is to analyze and interpretate the refusal speech acts of two generations of Korean women: mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law. To be specific, it examines if daughters-in-laws use of strategies were dependent on the age difference/ hierarchies and to see if there was any difference in the type of strategies used by daughters-in-law depending on whether mothers-in-law have social power or not. The data were collected from three soap operas. Compared with previous data collection methods, such as discourse completion tests or role-plays, this data collection method has advantages for a pragmatics study. The results indicated that age is a critical factor in choosing polite refusals in Korean language, but social distances far outweigh age differences among family members. Korean daughters-in-law usually followed indirect or implicit strategies to turn down their mothers-in-laws request or suggestion. The mostly common strategy used by Korean women, both mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law, was circumlocution with excuses, explanations, or reasons. Findings indicated that yo-form and honorific suffix are typically used when daughters-in-law are refusing to their mothers-in-law. To see whether the daughter-in-law varies her refusals as a function of the partner being the mother-in-law, this study also compared interactions between the daughter and her mother-in-law and the daughter with her mother in the dramas. Daughters tend to shift downwards, from polite speech level to intimate or plain speech level, but rarely upwards in their interaction with their mothers. Finally, in daughter-in-laws refusals, whether or not mothers-in-law have social power does not seem to have a strong effect on the daughters-in-laws polite linguistic behavior, and vice versa. Findings revealed that various contextual factors play a role in the selection of the polite form chosen and actual utterance is not always consistent with gender stereotypes.

Abstract This study examined the combined effectiveness of Tier I and Tier II instruction in the context of a Response to Intervention framework with sixth, seventh and eighth grade students both in ELA and Math. The Tier I interventions emphasized topics from the Grade Level Expectations that the students were having difficulties grasping during regular classroom instruction. Tier II instruction mainly emphasized preparing students for the standardized iLEAP and LEAP tests. These students were then compared with a group of similar students who did not receive tiered instructions (control group). Students who participated in Tier I or Tier II instructions outperformed the control group in Math on standardized tests and the post tests. There was no significant difference found between the two groups in ELA.

In the United States, nearly 9 million people, 3.0% of the population, live in areas subject to the 1% annual chance (100-yr) coastal flood hazard. New construction and substantial improvements in coastal high hazard areas require structures to be elevated above the design flood elevation (DFE), without the use of fill (Bellomo et al. 1999). Building code requirements for flood elevation are linked to the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) insurance policies, and represent the minimum requirement for building elevation. Current elevation procedures are limited to the 100-year base flood elevation with minimal guidance beyond the 100-year elevation in many locations, which may be of interest to those designing critical facilities and buildings with a longer design life (e.g. institutional buildings). Additional code-plus resources exist to provide best available practices for practitioners; however, gaps still exist that may lead to lower design elevations than warranted for a particular risk level. In an effort to provide guidance for practitioners, this thesis presents a methodology to address existing gaps in combination in the context of current best practices. A short case study to demonstrate the proposed methodology in comparison to code and best practices is provided. To provide guidance for longer return period flood events, this thesis uses stillwater elevations (SWEL) from flood insurance studies (FIS) to extrapolate flood elevations associated with longer return periods. FIS data are fit using the Huff-Angel and SRCC regression models, resulting in an equation to be used for extrapolating new flood elevations. The results of are evaluated using R2 values, differences in projected elevations and known elevations for the same return period, and normalized data for the 100-year SWELs. The result of this work is not intended to become integrated into current code or policy regulations in the United States, but rather to provide generalized guidance to aid practitioners in decision making by consolidating current code, best practices, and characteristics of the changing coastal environment.

This thesis provides a comprehensive approach to launching a successful parent membership-based fundraising program, an exploration of best practices in the United States, and a complete development plan for parent fundraising for a large public university. The research discussed is applicable to many different organizations who wish to start a parent fundraising program, with the strongest relevance on parent fundraising within large public universities. This thesis is intended for an audience familiar with the intricacies of fundraising; however, primary, secondary, and other higher education markets may be strongly interested in the research discussed.