The effects of a monetary reward and self-monitoring on reducing interdialytic weight gain (IWG) were compared for 6 hemodialysis patients in an outpatient setting. A single-subject experimental design (A-B-BC-B-BC) was used to examine each variable individually and in combination, with alternating phases to control for possible sequencing effects. Monetary reward (50 cents - $3) was administered in a titrated manner according to standardized criteria, ranging from 3 % and 4% of patients' dry weight on weekdays and weekends, respectively, to 3.5% and 4.5% for weekdays and weekends. Self-monitoring involved recording daily fluid and diet intake. Results indicated that by the end of the treatment program, the 6 participants averaged a 14% reduction in weekday IWG and a 15.45% reduction in weekend IWG; however, due to significant variability, it cannot be concluded that the reductions are treatment effects. Four out of 6 participants reduced their average IWG for both weekends and weekdays by .75 kg (1.65 lb.). The average weekend reduction for these 4 participants was .85 kg (1.87 lbs.) while the average weekday reduction was .65 kg (1.43 lb.). All 6 participants showed reductions in weekday IWG that averaged .53 kg (1.17 lb.). However, only 2 participants demonstrated IWG reductions that could be attributable to either of the 2 treatment variables. The standardized dry weight criterion for assessing fluid adherence may have posed excessively stringent demands on participants, as only 1 of the 6 participants actually met the criterion. Future research should address the role of nonspecific treatment factors, as well as patient characteristics and responsivity to particular treatment components in an effort to identify those factors responsible for behavior change in this population.

Introdução: O ganho de peso interdialítico (GPID), aquele ganho entre sessões de diálise, pode ser considerado um preditor da qualidade de vida e da mortalidade em pacientes de hemodiálise (HD). Fatores nutricionais podem estar envolvidos na preservação ou piora destes parâmetros e estas relações não estão investigadas detalhadamente. Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou avaliar o estado nutricional e composição corporal de pacientes em hemodiálise, em relação ao GPID. Métodos: Foi um estudo transversal, com 102 pacientes em HD, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18 e 80 anos e sem quadros agudos de infecção e/ou inflamação, foi realizado em dois centros de diálise, no Hospital das Clínicas e no Serviço de Nefrologia ambos na cidade de Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo. Após o tratamento dialítico, foi avaliado o estado nutricional por meio de dados antropométricos (índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura, circunferência do quadril, dobras cutâneas e dinamometria manual) além do uso da análise subjetiva global de 7 pontos, de dados de ingestão alimentar avaliados por registro alimentar de 24 horas e de dados bioquímicos e a composição corporal foi avaliada utilizando a bioimpedância unifrequencial - BIA, a análise de bioimpedância vetorial - BIVA e a bioimpedância multifrequencial por espectroscopia - BIS. Resultados: Pacientes com maior ganho de peso interdialítico apresentaram significativamente maior índice de massa corporal (24,5±4,1 vs 28,8±5,5kg/m²), excesso de gordura corporal (22,7±9,5 vs 31,7±14,4kg), sendo evidenciada uma predominância da gordura na região abdominal (91,3±10,8 vs 101,5±15,1cm), de água corporal total (33,4±7,7 vs 40,1±8,6L) e água extracelular (15,1±3,4 vs 18,1±4,2L) além do maior consumo de sódio (2278±755 vs 2906±650mg) e de gorduras (59,8±17,6 vs 71,8±23g). A BIA superestimou a quantidade de água corporal nos pacientes em HD e, consequentemente as massas corporais hidratadas. Ao comparar os valores de BIVA vs BIS foi evidenciada apenas uma fraca concordância (kappa = 0,34). Conclusão: Pacientes com maior GPID além de mais água extracelular apresentam maior gordura corporal e consumo de alimentos ricos em gordura e sódio. A BIS pode ser um método que melhor avalia pacientes em HD com sobrecarga hídrica e desta forma, poderia auxiliar no manejo do GPID, individualizando o cuidado nutricional destes pacientes e propiciando maior qualidade de vida. / Introduction The interdialytic weight gain (IDWG), that gain between dialysis sessions, may be considered a predictor of quality of life and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Nutritional factors may be involved in preserving or worsening of these parameters and these relations are not investigated in detail. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status and body composition in hemodialysis patients, in relation to the IDWG. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study of 102 HD patients, of both sexes, 18 and 80 years old and without acute episodes of infection and / or inflammation, was conducted in two dialysis centers, at the Hospital and the Service Nephrology both in the city of Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo. After dialysis, it evaluated the nutritional status through anthropometric data (body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, skinfold thickness and handgrip strength) and the use of subjective global analysis of 7 points, food intake data assessed by food record 24 hours and biochemical data and body composition was assessed using bioimpedance unifrequencial - BIA, the bioimpedance vector analysis - BIVA and multifrequency bioimpedance spectroscopy - BIS. Results: Patients with higher interdialytic weight gain had significantly higher body mass index (24.5±4.1 vs 28.8±5.5kg/m²), excess body fat (22.7±9.5 vs 31.7±14,4kg), evidencing a predominance of fat in the abdominal region (91.3±10.8 vs 101.5±15,1cm), total body water (33.4±7.7 vs 40.1±8,6L) and water extracellular (15.1±3.4 vs 18.1±4,2L) in addition to the increased consumption of sodium (2278 ± 755 vs. 2906 ± 650mg) and fat (59.8±17.6 vs 71.8±23g). The BIA overestimated the amount of body water in HD patients and consequently the body hydrated masses. When comparing the values of BIVA vs BIS was evidenced only a weak agreement (kappa = 0.34). Conclusion: Patients with higher IDWG as well as more extracellular water have higher body fat and consumption of foods high in fat and sodium. The BIS may be a method that better evaluates HD patients with fluid overload and thus, could help in the management of IDWG, individualizing the nutritional care of these patients and providing better quality of life.

Introdução: O ganho de peso interdialítico (GPID), aquele ganho entre sessões de diálise, pode ser considerado um preditor da qualidade de vida e da mortalidade em pacientes de hemodiálise (HD). Fatores nutricionais podem estar envolvidos na preservação ou piora destes parâmetros e estas relações não estão investigadas detalhadamente. Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou avaliar o estado nutricional e composição corporal de pacientes em hemodiálise, em relação ao GPID. Métodos: Foi um estudo transversal, com 102 pacientes em HD, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18 e 80 anos e sem quadros agudos de infecção e/ou inflamação, foi realizado em dois centros de diálise, no Hospital das Clínicas e no Serviço de Nefrologia ambos na cidade de Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo. Após o tratamento dialítico, foi avaliado o estado nutricional por meio de dados antropométricos (índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura, circunferência do quadril, dobras cutâneas e dinamometria manual) além do uso da análise subjetiva global de 7 pontos, de dados de ingestão alimentar avaliados por registro alimentar de 24 horas e de dados bioquímicos e a composição corporal foi avaliada utilizando a bioimpedância unifrequencial - BIA, a análise de bioimpedância vetorial - BIVA e a bioimpedância multifrequencial por espectroscopia - BIS. Resultados: Pacientes com maior ganho de peso interdialítico apresentaram significativamente maior índice de massa corporal (24,5±4,1 vs 28,8±5,5kg/m²), excesso de gordura corporal (22,7±9,5 vs 31,7±14,4kg), sendo evidenciada uma predominância da gordura na região abdominal (91,3±10,8 vs 101,5±15,1cm), de água corporal total (33,4±7,7 vs 40,1±8,6L) e água extracelular (15,1±3,4 vs 18,1±4,2L) além do maior consumo de sódio (2278±755 vs 2906±650mg) e de gorduras (59,8±17,6 vs 71,8±23g). A BIA superestimou a quantidade de água corporal nos pacientes em HD e, consequentemente as massas corporais hidratadas. Ao comparar os valores de BIVA vs BIS foi evidenciada apenas uma fraca concordância (kappa = 0,34). Conclusão: Pacientes com maior GPID além de mais água extracelular apresentam maior gordura corporal e consumo de alimentos ricos em gordura e sódio. A BIS pode ser um método que melhor avalia pacientes em HD com sobrecarga hídrica e desta forma, poderia auxiliar no manejo do GPID, individualizando o cuidado nutricional destes pacientes e propiciando maior qualidade de vida. / Introduction The interdialytic weight gain (IDWG), that gain between dialysis sessions, may be considered a predictor of quality of life and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Nutritional factors may be involved in preserving or worsening of these parameters and these relations are not investigated in detail. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status and body composition in hemodialysis patients, in relation to the IDWG. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study of 102 HD patients, of both sexes, 18 and 80 years old and without acute episodes of infection and / or inflammation, was conducted in two dialysis centers, at the Hospital and the Service Nephrology both in the city of Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo. After dialysis, it evaluated the nutritional status through anthropometric data (body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, skinfold thickness and handgrip strength) and the use of subjective global analysis of 7 points, food intake data assessed by food record 24 hours and biochemical data and body composition was assessed using bioimpedance unifrequencial - BIA, the bioimpedance vector analysis - BIVA and multifrequency bioimpedance spectroscopy - BIS. Results: Patients with higher interdialytic weight gain had significantly higher body mass index (24.5±4.1 vs 28.8±5.5kg/m²), excess body fat (22.7±9.5 vs 31.7±14,4kg), evidencing a predominance of fat in the abdominal region (91.3±10.8 vs 101.5±15,1cm), total body water (33.4±7.7 vs 40.1±8,6L) and water extracellular (15.1±3.4 vs 18.1±4,2L) in addition to the increased consumption of sodium (2278 ± 755 vs. 2906 ± 650mg) and fat (59.8±17.6 vs 71.8±23g). The BIA overestimated the amount of body water in HD patients and consequently the body hydrated masses. When comparing the values of BIVA vs BIS was evidenced only a weak agreement (kappa = 0.34). Conclusion: Patients with higher IDWG as well as more extracellular water have higher body fat and consumption of foods high in fat and sodium. The BIS may be a method that better evaluates HD patients with fluid overload and thus, could help in the management of IDWG, individualizing the nutritional care of these patients and providing better quality of life.

Nonadherence to fluid restrictions is a common problem with serious health consequences for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). For the present study, the authors evaluated psychological variables of stress, as measured by major and minor life events, and depression. They sought to determine the role of these events in patients’failure to adhere to fluid restrictions as measured by increased interdialytic weight gain. Forty-two hemodialysis patients completed inventories assessing major life events, daily stressful events, and depression on three consecutive dialysis sessions. Fluid adherence was measured by interdialytic weight gain. A path analysis model found daily minor stress to have a direct effect on nonadherence, whereas there was a direct inverse effect of depression on nonadherence. Possible mechanisms and implications for future studies arediscussed.