This thesis is based on the implementation of a bilateral rural development program in Burkina Faso. The main purpose of this study was to put the actual implementation process of a bilateral development program in view. This was done by investigating how two dominant perspectives in the implementation literature can explain what in fact happens during the realization of an aid program. A further aim of the thesis was to explore the limitations of these two dominant theories, in order to get a full understanding of the complexity of the realization of an aid program. Based on the implementation theory, this study shows that the realization of an aid program can be understood from three different angles. Firstly, through a top-down perspective, we can understand the process as an implementation problem, where the organisation fails to put policy into effect. Secondly, from the bottom-up perspective, the importance of the formal decision is questioned. Consequently the implementation process can be explained by the interaction among those involved in an implementation structure where the implementation takes place. Thirdly, also from the bottom-up perspective, the implementation process can be seen as a negotiation process between those who seeks to put policy into effect and those upon whom policy outcome depends. The result of this study shows that the top-down, as well as the bottom-up perspective, can be useful to explain the implementation process of a bilateral program. Yet they cannot alone give us the full picture. The analysis from a bottom-up view plays an important role as it explores the complexity both within and between organisations, in which the complexity outside the control of the formal organisation is also discovered. Nevertheless, this perspective has its limitations. As it does not consider an explicit theory, it overlooks the factors that are affecting the behavior on the ground. The top-down analysis is interesting in the context of development cooperation as it analyzes whether an organisation has the capacity to put policy into effect. Yet the top-down approach has a rational way of examining the implementation process and does not reflect on different reasons for various behaviors. As this perspective is restricted to the formal decision, it fails to analyse what side effects the realization process can bring. Neither implementation theories take into account how institutional factors, in a global context, are influencing the local situation where the implementation takes place. This thesis argues that institutional factors (in terms of norms) could give complementary explanations to the implementation theories, in order to develop our understanding for the realization of a program. By regarding the implementation process as a part of a greater process of development cooperation, complementary explanations could be given about why actors behave like they do. Particularly within the actual context of strong changing trends among donors concerning how sustainable development can be achieved. This study claims that we could learn more about development programs as a whole by illuminating the implementation process itself. Considering the changes in development cooperation, in which the processes and ownership-based programs are gaining importance, the implementation theory is fruitful as it highlights the process.

Rapporten beskriver examensarbetet Gamla idéer med nya lösningar utfört av Erik Björk, avgångsstudent från utbildningsprogrammet möbeldesign vid Carl Malmsten Centrum för Träteknik & Design vid Linköpings universitet. Examensarbetet är genomfört i samarbete med IKEA of Sweden. Syftet med det designuppdrag som jag har genomfört i samband med examensarbetet har varit att ta fram fyra möbler utifrån givna förutsättningar i 7 olika möbelfabriker, som alla arbetar med massivt trä som råvara. Utifrån dessa förutsättningar skulle jag dels skapa produkter som tillvaratar materialets unika egenskaper och därigenom ej är möjliga att imitera i andra material. Dels ge produkterna originalitet och personlighet genom att utforska den skandinaviska identiteten och mitt egna ursprung samt kommunicera detta genom produkterna. Var produkt skall ha en historia att berätta. Att ta fram fyra möbler parallellt under 10 veckor har varit en utmaning. Stundvis har det känts som att en produkt hade varit nog men i efterhand är jag glad att det var fyra. Detta har gjort att tankar och idéer har kunnat ligga och gro under en tid utan att projektet har stannat upp. Antalet produkter har i detta fall varit avgörande. I och med det har jag kunnat bearbeta vissa produkter under tiden som andra har legat i träda. Resultatet består av fyra prototyper som ska utvärderas och eventuellt utvecklas för produktion.

I challenge quiet regulations within my own community, the Claremont University Consortium, by hosting two Silent Discos in culturally and explicitly quiet locations: the Honnold Mudd Library and the James Turrell Skyspace at Pomona College. Attempting to demonstrate Silent Disco’s ability to sonically adapt to quietly marked areas I recorded the sounds generated by these events and later amplified them in these culturally quiet locations. These Silent Discos embrace the given environment and sound limitations, while simultaneously accepting the popular modes of musical listening. By performing Silent Discos in the James Turrell Skyspace at Pomona College and the Honnold Mudd Library, I give the power to each individual to reduce noise pollution, while collectively listening to the same music as a group.

O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender como o significado de interdisciplinaridade foi percebido pelos sujeitos envolvidos nos cursos aglutinados na Área da Saúde da Universidade de Uberaba- UNIUBE. A expressão Área diz respeito à integração de cursos e suas disciplinas. A Área, matriz virtual, operacionalizou a experiência interdisciplinar através do Programa de Promoção de Saúde – Pró-Saúde. Este programa foi elaborado com a participação dos diferentes cursos de graduação a partir do reconhecimento das prioridades de saúde da população-alvo. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde-UBS sob gerência plena da UNIUBE, no bairro Alfredo Freire. Para compreender a experiência colocada em prática, foi construído um instrumento específico relativo à percepção do significado de interdisciplinaridade e da percepção da experiência com o Pró-Saúde. O instrumento reunia dados de identificação pessoal, formação escolar e profissional dos entrevistados (diretores, professores, alunos dos cursos, coordenadores dos subprogramas, além de funcionários da UBS e usuários), bem como suas percepções sobre sua experiência interdisciplinar. Pela análise dos depoimentos, concluiu-se que a Área foi a indutora e o Pró-Saúde foi o facilitador do processo interdisciplinar entre os cursos de graduação da Área da Saúde. Concluiu-se, também que a interdisciplinaridade, além do conhecimento cognitivo que lhe é constitutivo, tem componente de ordem subjetiva representado pela vontade de cooperação, colaboração, diálogo, abertura do conhecimento para o outro e realização de trabalho comum. Em suma, a interdisciplinaridade envolve questões de atitudes frente à construção do conhecimento, sua compreensão e sua práxis. / This study aimed at getting to know how the interdisciplinary concept was understood by the subjects involved in the courses within the Health Area of the University of Uberaba – UNIUBE. The term Area has to do with courses integration and its disciplines. The Area, virtual matrix, performed the interdisciplinary experience through the Health Promotion Program – Pro-Health. This program was elaborated with the participation of different undergraduate courses, aiming at the health priorities of the target population. The study was developed in a Basic Health Unit-BHU under the full management of UNIUBE, in the Alfredo Freire borough. A specific instrument focused on the perception of the interdisciplinary concept and the Pro-Health experience was built to evaluate the practical experience. The instrument included data on personal identification, interviewees’ schooling and professional background (head, professor, undergraduate student, subprogram supervisor, besides HBU officials and users), as well as their opinion on their interdisciplinary experience. Through report analysis, it may be concluded that the Area was the inducing agent and Pro-Health was the facilitator of the interdisciplinary process among the undergraduate courses in the Health Area. Also, that the interdisciplinary factor, besides its inherent cognitive element, carries a subjective component represented by the willingness to cooperate, collaborate and exchange ideas, besides sharing knowledge and working experience. In short, the interdisciplinary factor is a matter of attitude in face of knowledge, its diffusion and praxis.

The Swedish food retail industry is one with fierce competition, small product differentiation and increasingly disloyal customers. Consequently in order to create and retain loyal customers many of the stores offer some kind of loyalty schemes. The effectiveness of loyalty programs have been questioned, but it is proposed that in order for a loyalty program to be successful it must offer benefits that are perceived as valuable by customers. Thus the purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate how customers value loyalty programs and how this might affect them in a context where many companies reward their loyal customers. Customer perception of loyalty programs are considered to be grounded in multiple factors such as the design of the loyalty program as well as the competition in the industry. The empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews with twelve respondents that shopped in a suburban area of Stockholm. The process of the study was influenced by the Grounded theory of method and as coding was used as the method of analysis, three themes related to how customers perceive reward components of loyalty program emerged: Offset of what I give and what I gain, Plan to have control of one’s finances and My perception of value is grounded in me.The findings of the study propose that a customer’s perception of reward components are influenced by what they are offered and by the overall design of the loyalty program. The most significant factor is however the customer self and where she is in life. This is displayed as different customers stated to have different reasons to join a loyalty program, mentioned different reward components as the most valuable one, highlighted different disadvantages as well as perceived the same reward components very differently.

Securing the production of ecosystem services, essential for human well-being, is a challenging taskthat has both social and ecological dimension. Calls for more adaptive institutional managementarrangements that not only account for the complex and cross-scale nature of ecosystems, but alsothe corresponding social dynamics of actors and institutions that manage those ecosystems haveemerged. Social network analysis is a tool increasingly used to empirically map and analyze suchsocial/institutional dynamics. In this study, social network analysis is used to investigate the socialnetwork of actors engaged in nature conservation in the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve “East VätternScarp Landscape”, Sweden. The results reveal a large network of 117 individuals representing 21organizations. The representatives in a collaborative project group perform both structural andfunctional bridging, why the group can be classified as a bridging organization. Members of thebridging organization are well-anchored among the people they represent. Hence, the objectives ofperipheral members are represented in the core, even though the network is highly centralized. Theinstitutional arrangements made visible in this study show many traits of adaptive co-management.Qualitative data on what type of information that flows through the network, and what effect thatthe network structure has on the production if ecosystem services is however lacking. This calls forfurther studies in the area.

Terrorism, regardless of motive, is a real threat against democracy and human rights, specifically in terms of this thesis – a threat against the right to life. But not all forms of terrorism are given the status which enables a prioritised and effective preventive strategy, and some domestic legislations show a tilt towards certain forms of terrorism – resulting in the neglect of other forms. This thesis uses a legal method combined with a theory deriving from critical security studies to examine Swedish legislation and official terrorism threat estimations in relation to international human rights law and the right to life. The review of the material reveals a tendency to highlight the threat from violent Islamic extremism and a reluctance to view white-supremacy groups as an equally grave potential threat. The conclusion that can be made from the analysis of the material is that the negligence of the white-supremacy movements does not result in a violation of the right to life. At the same time, the active inclusion of white-supremacy groups in legislation and threat-estimations could by effect result in a more effective protection of the right to life with regards to terror attacks.

No description available.

Aim: The aim of the paper is to critically review the book “Introduction to Private and Public Intelligence: The Swedish School of Competitive Intelligence” by Søilen (2005). The aim of the book has been to gather ideas and concepts about the subject of private and public intelligence for students to use in an introductory course. Structure: The paper is structured that first an introduction of the book is provided, after which the content of the book is presented by chapters. Thereafter, the discussion and conclusion about the book are presented. The book is structured as a systematic review of private and public intelligence. The book contains definitions, theories, discussions, practical examples, and analytical implications. Authorship: The author of the book, Klaus Solberg Søilen, is a professor and researcher at Halmstad University in Sweden. His research is mainly within the fields of management, intelligence studies, competitive intelligence, geoeconomics, digital marketing, etc. He has many years of experience within marketing research and auditing. Moreover, he serves on the board of several companies, as well as, operates as a consultant. He is also the editor of the Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business (JISIB). Audience: Students, professionals and anyone else who is interested in private and public intelligence. Impact: The book has been reviewed and citied from numerous authors. Most of them, agree with Søilen, and use the book as a foundation of the study of private and public intelligence. However, there are authors who argue against Søilen’s opinions.

Accessibility to public transport service allows mobility of people who do not have access to private cars and at the same time reduces adverse effects of motorized vehicles such as energy consumption, air pollution, etc. Government body promotes to use public transport to facilitate better living condition. However, a critical issue remains whether the public transportation services are sufficient to meet the demanded public transportation services. In this research, particular attention has been paid to the spatial transport service gap assessment by analyzing the demand and the supply of the public transportation services in Borlänge. The spatial aspects have been chosen based on Swedish socio-economic condition. The aim of the research is to find a generic methodology to ascertain the disparity between public transport demand and available supply of public transport especially on bus line 211, 213 & 216 in Borlänge Municipality and to visualize the disparity of transportation service using Geographical Information System (GIS) application at different areas along the bus line. The result indicates that existing public transport provided by Dalatrafik has a significant gap in Tronsjö, Milsbosjön, Milsbo and Viksnäs between delivered transport supply and possible transportation service needed. This transportation gap may occur due to the deficiency of service capacity and low frequency of the services. Moreover, some topics can be explored for further research such as temporal service gap analysis at each area, find alternative means of transport, flexible transportation service and etc. to improve the public transportation system in Borlänge.