This dissertation consists of three independent essays. Chapter 1, "The Effect of Mortgage Securitization on Foreclosure and Modification," assesses the impact of mortgage securitization on foreclosure and modification. My primary innovation is using the freeze of private mortgage securitization in the third quarter of 2007 to instrument for the probability that a loan is securitized. I find that privately securitized mortgages are substantially more likely to be foreclosed and less likely to be modified. Chapter 2, "Disagreement and Liquidity," analyzes how disagreement between investors affects the relationship between trading, liquidity, and asymmetric information. Traditional models predict that asymmetric information should destroy trade and liquidity. In contrast, I document empirical evidence that asymmetric information increases trading volumes in stock, corporate bond, and option markets. To resolve this puzzle, I propose a model of overconfident disagreement trading in which private information enhances trading and liquidity. Chapter 3, "Is Real Interest Rate Risk Priced? Theory and Empirical Evidence," asks whether investors demand compensation for holding assets whose returns covary with real interest rate shocks. Empirically, there is little evidence that real interest rate risk is priced in the cross section of stocks or across asset classes. Theoretically, interest rate risk can be positively or negatively priced depending on whether interest rate changes are due to time preference shocks or consumption growth shocks.

This paper concentrates on valuation of interest rate. Changes in the short rate captured in a stochastic model which generates a term structure of interest rates. Leading interest rate models are Vasicek model, Cox, Ingersoll & Ross model and Heath, Jarrow and Morton model. First two model are called mean reversion of the short rate, that is, a tendency for the short rate to drift back to some underlying rate. Both models assume that the process for the short rate r is stochastic with one source of uncertainty. The two models differ in the handling of volatility. The last one model describes the forward rate evolution. The dynamics of interest rate of Lithuania has changed apace in these latter years. This can be explained by spontaneous process of resurgent economics. Because Vasicek and Cox, Ingersoll & Ross models are similar in essence, dynamics of interest rate is also similar according to these models. The received results using separate algorithms fit laws of fluctuation in interest rates of Republic of Lithuania. Problem is realized with programme equipment Microsoft Visual Basic 6.3.

State price density (SPD) and stochastic discount factor (SDF) are important elements in asset pricing. In this thesis, I first propose to use projection pursuit regression (PPR) and local polynomial regression (LPR) to estimate the SPD of interest rates nonparametrically. By using a similar approach, I also estimate the delta values in the interest rate options and discusses how to delta-hedge these options. Unlike SPD measured in a risk-neutral economy, SDF is implied by an asset pricing model. It displays which prices are reasonable given the returns in the current period. Hansen and Jagannathan (1997) develop the Hansen-Jagannathan distance (HJ-distance) to measure pricing errors produced by SDF. While the HJ-distance has several desirable properties, Ahn and Gadarowski (2004) find that the specification test based on the HJ-distance overrejects correct models too severely in commonly used sample size to provide a valid test. This thesis proposes to improve the finite sample properties of the HJ-distance test by applying the shrinkage method (Ledoit and Wolf, 2003) to compute its weighting matrix. / Thesis (Ph.D, Economics) -- Queen's University, 2008-06-19 00:00:55.996

Palūkanų normos rizikos vaidmuo komercinio banko veikloje bei šios rizikos įtaka banko veiklos rezultatams pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais augo plečiantis finansinių rinkų infrastruktūrai bei stiprėjant konkurencijai. Todėl bankai, kad palūkanų normos rizika nesumažintų banko konkurencingumo skiria jai vis daugiau dėmesio, stengdamiesi ją išlaikyti priimtiname lygyje, diegdami valdymo modelius, taikydami apsidraudimo priemones bei prognozuodami palūkanų normų pokyčius, tuo pačiu skatindami mokslinę visuomenę tyrinėti palūkanos normos riziką įvairiais aspektais. Šio darbo objektu yra palūkanų normos rizika bei jos valdymas komerciniame banke, o pagrindinis darbui iškeltas tikslas - išanalizuoti palūkanų normos rizikos valdymo teorinius aspektus bei atlikti praktinį palūkanų normos rizikos valdymo tyrimą komerciniame banke. Darbą sudaro trys dalys, iš kurių pirmojoje analizuojami teoriniai palūkanų normos valdymo aspektai, susipažįstant su palūkanų normos samprata bei ją sąlygojančiomis teorijomis, analizuojant palūkanų normos rizikos sudedamąsias dalis bei jos įvertinimo metodų įvairovę, jų privalumus bei trūkumus, svarstant palūkanų normos prognozavimo reikšmę palūkanų normos rizikos valdymo procesui bei nagrinėjant kokiomis priemonėmis galima apsidrausti nuo palūkanų normos rizikos. Antrojoje darbo dalyje, siekiant įvairiapusiškai atskleisti palūkanų normos rizikos valdymą komerciniame banke, Lietuvos komercinių bankų sektoriaus pavyzdžiu atliekamas palūkanų normos rizikos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The role of interest rate risk in the activity of the commercial bank, as well as influence of this risk to the banks’ financial results, was recently growing in the past decades, while the infrastructure of financial markets was developing and the competition between financial institutions was strengthening. The object of this graduation paper is interest rate risk and its’ management in the commercial bank and the main upraised purpose is to analyze theoretical aspects of the process of interest rate risk management and to make a practical study of interest rate risk management in the commercial bank. The paper consists of three parts, whereof in the first parts the theoretical aspects of interest rate risk management are analyzed, acquainting with the conception and theories of interest rates, analyzing the components of interest rate risk and the variety of its’ evaluation methods, their advantages, disadvantages, as well as discussing the significance of forecasting interest rate risk for the process of interest rate risk management and analyzing the instruments of hedging against interest rate risk. Aiming variously to reveal the interest rate risk management in the commercial bank, the study of interest rate risk management in the example of sector of Lithuanian commercial banks is made in the second part. The comparison with the abroad banks and indication of main problems are also made in this part of graduation paper. The benchmarks of the further improvement of... [to full text]

The Canadian banking system has experienced significant changes over the last two decades. Deregulations allowed banks to generate revenue from non-traditional activities, and today fee-based income is as equally important as net interest income. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate how fee-based income affects a bank’s earnings volatility and its exposure to interest rate risk. We conduct empirical analysis of the annual fee-based income earned by the six largest Canadian banks (Royal Bank of Canada, Toronto-Dominion Bank, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, Bank of Montreal, Bank of Nova Scotia, and National Bank of Canada) over the period from 1990 to 2012 inclusive. This analysis shows that almost all kinds of fee-based income generated by Canadian banks are highly dependent on the performance of the Canadian economy. In particular, we notice that the Canadian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and oil prices significantly affect the revenues generated through fee-based activities. We also find a high positive correlation between fee-based income and net interest income. Additionally, we find that trading activity generates the most volatile income stream and eventually increases the volatility of bank earnings. We construct a Monte Carlo simulation model to analyze bank income under different possible economic scenarios. The Monte Carlo model simulates different types of banks that are common not only in Canada, but also around the world. In addition to net interest income, these hypothetical banks can generate three categories of fee-based income: traditional income, basic non-traditional income, and advanced non-traditional income. We also account for the costs associated with fee-based income in our analysis. Through simulations we find that a small change in the term structure of interest rates leads to insignificant changes in income at any type of bank, eliminating the need to hedge against interest rate risk. Moreover, even when interest rates are expected to move dramatically, banks have optimal balance sheet structures that minimize interest rate risk and optimize the volatility of income. Banks with sub-optimal balance sheet structures need to hedge in order to avoid financial distress. We find that hedging works equally well when a bank hedges its entire net income or just the net interest income component. Moreover, some sources of fee-based income can serve as a good hedging tool against the interest rate risk because they provide a steady income stream that could serve as a cushion for earnings. For example, traditional income and basic non-traditional income decrease risk per unit of return and help banks to stabilize revenues. However, advanced non-traditional income increases earnings volatility and might even lead a bank to financial distress.

This thesis consists of two related parts. In the first part we conduct an empirical examination of the dynamics of Australian interest rates of six different maturities, covering the whole yield curve. This direct study of the long rates is quite novel. We use maximum likelihood estimation on a variety of models and find some results that are in stark contrast to previous studies. We estimate Poisson-jump diffusion (PJD) models and find very strong evidence for the existence of jumps in all daily interest rate series. We find that the PJD model fits short-rate data significantly better than a Bernoulli-jump diffusion model. We also estimate the CKLS model for our data and find that the only model not rejected for all six maturities is the CEV model in stark contrast to previous findings. Also, we find that the elasticity of variance estimate in the CKLS model is much higher for the short-rates than for the longer rates where the estimate is only about 0.25, indicating that different dynamics seem to be at work for different maturities. We also found that adding jumps to the simple diffusion model gives a larger improvement than comes from going from the simple diffusion to the CKLS model. In the second part of the thesis we examine the Flesaker and Hughston (FH) term structure model. We derive the dynamics of the short rate under both the original measure and the risk-neutral measure, and show that some criticisms of the bounds for the short rate may not be significant in actual applications. We also derive the dynamics of bond prices in the FH model and compare them to the HJM model. We also extend the FH model by allowing the martingale to follow a jump-diffusion process, rather than just a diffusion process. We derive the unique change of measure that guarantees the family of bond prices is arbitrage-free. We derive prices for caps and swaptions, and extend the results to include Bermudan swaptions and show how to price options with the jump-diffusion version of the FH model.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-111). Also available in electronic version.

El objeto de este estudio es establecer la relación existente entre las dos variables de estudio, la productividad como variable no dependiente y la formalización de las micro y pequeñas empresas de Lima en el período 2007-2017 como variable dependiente, teniendo en cuenta como indicadores de la productividad a la rentabilidad, la tasa impositiva y la tasa de interés de referencia. The purpose of this study is to establish the relationship between the two study variables, productivity as a non-dependent variable and the formalization of Lima's micro and small enterprises in the 2007-2017 period as a dependent variable, taking into account as indicators of productivity to profitability, the tax rate and the reference interest rate.

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This study uses an ARDL(p, q)-model to express a long-run relationship between ‘Stockholm Interbank Offered Rate Tomorrow/Next’ and the inflation in Sweden between 2007 and 2016 to see how efficient the ‘interest rate-weapon’ as a monetary policy-tool have been in affecting the inflation. The study shows that no such relationship can be expressed – hence the conclusion that the expectations of inflation are the most important variable affecting the inflation, and that the agents in the Swedish economy have rational expectations and a trust in the central bank of Sweden to reach its target of a 2 percent inflation rate.