No / The complexity of automotive systems has increased dramatically, driven by the requirement to address environmental and safety concerns and the pressure to offer higher level consumer technologies. This places a great challenge on product development organizations to manage the multidisciplinary systems integration in a reliable and robust manner. Engineering changes, which are integral part of the iterative automotive product development process, need to be managed in a way that efficiently addresses the integration requirements of complex multidisciplinary systems. The aim of this paper is to present a structured approach for engineering change management which is based on an enhanced interface analysis method which aims to identify comprehensively the system integration functional requirements as the basis for both engineering change prediction and support of robust engineering change design. The framework will be illustrated with an industrial case study on the development of an electric vehicle powertrain. The effectiveness of the proposed approach will be discussed in contrast with other methods for engineering change management.

Since the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) in 2002 that addressed improvements to voting systems and voter access through the use of electronic technologies, electronic voting systems have improved in U.S. elections. However, voters with disabilities have been disappointed and frustrated, because they have not been able to vote privately and independently (Runyan, 2007). Voting accessibility for individuals with disabilities has generally been accomplished through specialized designs, providing the addition of alternative inputs (e.g., headphones with tactile keypad for audio output, sip-and-puff) and outputs (e.g., audio output) to existing hardware and/or software architecture. However, while the add-on features may technically be accessible, they are often complex and difficult for poll workers to set up and require more time for targeted voters with disabilities to use compared to the direct touch that enable voters without disabilities to select any candidate in a particular contest at any time. To address the complexities and inequities with the accessible alternatives, a universal design (UD) approach was used to design two experimental ballot interfaces, namely EZ Ballot and QUICK Ballot, that seamlessly integrate accessible features (e.g., audio output) based on the goal of designing one voting system for all. EZ Ballot presents information linearly (i.e., one candidate’s name at a time) and voters can choose Yes or No inputs that does not require search (i.e., finding a particular name). QUICK Ballot presents multiple names that allow users to choose a name using direct-touch or gesture-touch interactions (e.g., the drag and lift gesture). Despite the same goal of providing one type of voting system for all voters, each ballot has a unique selection and navigation process designed to facilitate access and participation in voting. Thus, my proposed research plan was to examine the effectiveness of the two UD ballots primarily with respect to their different ballot structures in facilitating voting performance and satisfaction for people with a range of visual abilities including those with blindness or vision loss. The findings from this work show that voters with a range of visual abilities were able to use both ballots independently. However, as expected, the voter performance and preferences of each ballot interface differed by voters through the range of visual abilities. While non-sighted voters made fewer errors on the linear ballot (EZ Ballot), partially-sighted and sighted voters completed the random access ballot (QUICK Ballot) in less time. In addition, a higher percentage of non-sighted participants preferred the linear ballot, and a higher percentage of sighted participants preferred the random ballot. The main contributions of this work are in: 1) utilizing UD principles to design ballot interfaces that can be differentially usable by voters with a range of abilities; 2) demonstrating the feasibility of two UD ballot interfaces by voters with a range of visual abilities; 3) providing an impact for people with a range of visual abilities on other applications. The study suggests that the two ballots, both designed according to UD principles but with different weighting of principles, can be differentially usable by individuals with a range of visual abilities. This approach clearly distinguishes this work from previous efforts, which have focused on developing one UD solution for everyone because UD does not dictate a single solution for everyone (e.g., a one-size-fits-all approach), but rather supports flexibility in use that provide a new perspective into human-computer interaction (Stephanidis, 2001).

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1989 / Town & Country Hotel & Convention Center, San Diego, California / Generalized telemetry data analysis systems have been developed to meet the future requirements for the analysis of telemetry data. By providing the user the freedom of stipulating the manner in which data is to be analyzed, the need for mission specific analysis software can be greatly reduced or eliminated entirely. Communications between the user and the software is accomplished by means of a user-software interface. Proper design of the interface will promote successful user-software communications. Interface design features such as menus and online documentation are discussed. Human engineering is an integral part of a successful user-software interface design. The human beings which operate the software possess limitations on their mental abilities and perception. Human engineering concepts which utilize display techniques and reference names are discussed. A definition of a successful user-software interface is given.

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