The thesis deals with a development and application of laser interferometer system for the online error calibration of CNC machine tool. The term „online“ means, that laser interferometer is permanently built in the machine tool. Therefore particular error measurements can be done in very short time period.

The diploma work deals with techniques of optical contactless distance and velocity measurement. A basic summary of the methods are involved. The problematic of interferometric methods for vibration measurements is analysed in detail. It contains division of interferometers, description of their function principles and also chapters dealing with elements used in interferometers such as lasers, photodetectors and elements in the ray optical way - polarizers, retarders, optical isolators. The vibration and length measurement methods are described, as well as the conception of homodyne and heterodyne detection. Part of this work focuses on the quadrature signal processing and on the proposal of algorithm for demodulation of velocity/displacement and undergoing simple motioning object deviation. This algorithm is implemented in Labview and the whole software instrument served also for visualisation of measured data of the interferometer model constructed in the laboratory. The way how to build up a model, its setting and two possible configurations suitable for homodyne detection are described. Model of interferometer is built-up on the optical breadboard. Particular components are fixed by the help of mounts. The model and software enable to measure the velocity and the vibration deviation with the light wavelength exactness. Functionality and the exactness of the laboratory model are verified by vibrometer. Effects on the measurement uncertainty are discussed here and ways how to restrain them are proposed.

This thesis deals with the precise measurement of distances in nanometer range at ultrasonic frequencies for the purposes of vibrometry. The paper is primary focused on~nanometric displacement measurement methods. First the thesis deals with the physical phenomena based on light in the theoretical section. This includes interference of light, index of refraction, polarization, interferometry and more. Understanding of these physical laws is crucial for design and assembling of the interferometer. Subjects of interferometric method for precise and fast measurement of the nanometric displacement and vibration are discussed. Interferometer components such as lasers, photodetectors and optical elements are described are described in the final part of this section. Practical section of thesis can be divided into two parts. The design and assembling issues are discussed in the first section. Many problems which I had to solve are described. Control software and implementation of the signal processing is the subject of the second part. I met with particular problems such as phase unwrapping. I solved this problem of discontinuous phase field with user written algorithm. Finally the graphical user interface was created. Using assembled interferometer and written software application I measured vibration of Langevin transducer on ultrasonic frequencies.

The aim of this work is to design fully working measuring system for the reactive ion etching system (RIE). The Michelson interfometer, previously developed in Ústav přístrojové techniky, v.v.i., is used in this work. The theoretical part is aimed at description of interferometric methods for precise measuring of length. In next part the etching proces with RIE is described. In practical part the testing system was constructed from the parts of Thorlabs company . The functionality was controlled with this system and the results of measuring were compared with the profilometer. In next step technical drawings were created and the whole system was made.

This diploma thesis describes the function of commonly used elements among optical network, with an emphasis on fiber optic sensors. The basics of optical transmission and types of fibers are described, in addition to active and passive optical components, optical splitters and couplers. Optical fiber sensors are divided in two groups: intrinsic and extrinsic. Interferometric types of sensors are described in detail. The thesis compares theoretical assumptions and practical measurements of two serially-connected couplers. A~new module fulfilling real optical coupler function was made using Matlab. This module can be implemented into the VPIphotonics library. Finally, interferometric function of two serially-connected couplers was tested.

This doctoral thesis deals with design of a new generation of coherence-controlled holographic microscope (CCHM). The microscope is based on off-axis holographic configuration using diffraction grating and allows the use of temporally and spatially incoherent illumination. In the theoretical section a new optical configuration of the microscope is proposed and conditions for different parameters of the microscope and its optical components are derived. The influence of different sources of noise on phase detection sensitivity is studied. In the next section design of experimental setup is described and automatable adjustment procedure is proposed. Last section describes experimental verification of the most important optical parameters of the experimental setup. When compared to previous generation of CCHM, the newly proposed configuration uses infinity-corrected objectives and common microscope condensers, allows more space for the specimens, eliminates the limitation of spectral transmittance and significantly simplifies the adjustment procedure so that automation of this procedure is possible.

This master’s thesis deals with the impact of atmospheric turbulence on phase changes of a free space optical signal. This problematic is investigated by the interferometric method. A part of the thesis is focused on the phenomenon of atmospheric turbulence. Then the physical effect of interference is discussed and optical interferometers are described. The experimental part of the thesis is focused on measurement of phase shift of optical signal by interferometric method. The result of the thesis is to determine how phase shift of an optical beam depends on the strength of turbulence.

In this work is describe anatomy and physiology of the cornea. The following are the primary non-inflamatory degeneration of the cornea. Then describe the physical principles diagnostic devices for cornea – keratometer, pachymeter, Michelson interferometr and optical coherence tomography (OCT). At the end of the theoretical introduction is describes the principle of laser correction surgery – LASIK. The practical part is divided into two main objectives. The first task is propose an algorithm for automatic detection of corneal surface and then calculation of corneal thickness and size of the chamber angle in Matlab. The aim of the second task is image flap analysis for boundary detection.

This diploma thesis deals with comparsion of 2x2 and 3x3 couplers. There is also description of issue of the Michelson interferometer and its use as a sensor. This sensor is very good at detecting vibrations. Part of the work is description of simulation of Michelson interferometer with 3x3 coupler as vibration sensor and localization of vibration on optical fiber by Michelson and Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

The thesis deals with integral and distributed optical fiber sensors of electric current. In the area of integral sensors the analysis is performed by Jones matrix calculus and the simultaneous influence of induced circular and undesired linear birefringence using an ortho-conjugation retroreflector. Furthermore, the proposed conjugation loop variant using half-wave phase retarders is analyzed. The theoretical conclusions are confirmed by simulation and experimental measurement. In the field of distributed fiber optic sensors, analysis and simulation for the detection of plasma currents in thermonuclear fusion reactors, based on the POTDR technique, is performed. An improvement procedure is proposed for circular-shaped vacuum vessel reactors. Plasma current detection procedure in divertor-type reactors have been newly designed and simulated to investigate the effect of the OTDR detector noise on plasma current detection accuracy.