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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 210-233). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-89) Also available online.

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Orientador: Iracilda Zeppone Carlos / Banca: Idomeo Bonetti Filho / Banca: Fábio Luiz Camargo Villela Berbert / Banca: Ivaldo Gomes de Moraes / Banca: Abílio Albuquerque Maranhão de Moura / Resumo: Os macrófagos constituem uma população celular do sistema imune. Estas células podem ser ativadas por uma variedade de estímulos e suas principais funções incluem a fagocitose de partículas estranhas, apresentação de antígenos, produção de citocinas e compostos intermediários do nitrogênio (NO) e do oxigênio (H202). Os cimentos endodônticos são capazes de promover uma estimulação do sistema imune. Neste estudo, foram analisados os níveis de quantificação das citocinas, além do mediador óxido nítrico, como uma medida de estimulação de macrófagos peritoneais de camundongos. Através de análise estatística dos dados, foram observados os níveis de citotoxicidade dos macrófagos de camundongos estimulados pelos diferentes cimentos endodônticos, meio RPMI-1640 (grupo controle -) e LPS (grupo controle +). Os diferentes cimentos testados apresentaram concentrações com diferentes citotoxicidades: Sealapex 35ug/ml, Polímero de Mamona 8,75 ug/ml, do Epiphany 17,5 ug/ml, do Epiphany + Primer 17,5 ug/ml, do Primer 35 ug/ml, do EndoRez 17,5 ug/ml e do AH Plus 70 ug/ml. Após a adequação das concentrações viáveis dos cimentos testados conclui-se que o material que mais estimulou a liberação de NO foi Primer, seguido do Endorez, AH Plus, Ephiphany, Sealapex, Epiphany + Primer. O Polímero de Mamona foi o que estimulou a uma menor produção de NO. Em relação à produção de TNF-alfa o material que estimulou maior produção foi o Primer, seguido de Epiphany, AH Plus, Epiphany + Primer, Sealapex e Polímero de Mamona. O EndoRez não foi capaz de estimular a produção de TNF-alfa. Nenhum dos cimentos testados induziu à liberação de IFN-y, sugerindo que outro mediadores tais como IL-1 e IL-12 possam estar envolvidos na liberação de NO observada no presente estudo. / Abstract: It was evaluated the citotoxicity of the sealers, Sealapex, Polímero de Mamona, Epiphany, EndoRez and AH Plus in relation to the release of Nitric Oxide, Tumor Necrotic Factor-Alpha and Interferon Gamma in murine cells culture. After the ideal concentration was found, according to MTT test, it was conduded that the sealers with higher release were Polímero de Mamona, EndoRez, Epiphany + Primer, Epiphany, Primer do Epiphany = Sealapex and AH Plus. All sealers reached lower levels of citotoxicity than control. / Doutor

The female genital tract is a mucosal epithelium that has an array of factors contributing to the cervicovaginal immune environment. Like with systemic immunity, innate and adaptive immune mediators are integrated in the efficiency for fighting infections in the female genital tract. Our study addresses the role of pregnancy and HIV infection on concentrations of cytokines in genital tract fluid that play a role in HIV sexual transmission. We focused on two pathways: The NF-KB inflammation pathway that has been implicated in susceptibility to HIV infection, and two interferon pathways that have been associated with antiviral immune defense. We hypothesized that pregnant women have increased proinflammatory cytokines in genital secretions, potentially putting them at increased risk for HIV infection, and that HIV-infected women could have upregulated Type 1 interferon pathways that may regulate HIV replication in the genital tract, and infection by other viruses. This study compared the immune mediator profiles in genital secretions of women between the ages of 18 and 40 years old belonging to four groups: HIV Negative/ Non Pregnant, HIV Negative/Pregnant, HIV Positive/ Non Pregnant, and HIV positive/ pregnant. Cytokine concentrations in cervicovaginal lavage fluid were measured using ELISA and MAGPIX assays. A number of statistical methods were used to characterize cytokine pathways and to link pathway associated cytokines to HIV serostatus and/or pregnancy. The study showed that HIV positive women had higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1α, IL-2RA, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12, IL-17, MIF, MIG, MIP-1ß, SCGF, TNF-α, and TRAIL. Only the antimicrobial peptide lysozyme was significantly decreased in HIV positive women. However, lysozyme was significantly increased in pregnant women where as the following cytokines were significantly decreased in pregnant women: ß-NGF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, GRO-α, HGF, IGN-α2, IFN-γ, IL-2RA, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12, IL-13, IL-16, IL-17, TNF-α, TRAIL. The correlation analysis showed that HIV positive nonpregnant women could have upregulated: NFκB, type I interferon and interferon-γ pathways. The correlation analysis showed that the NFκB pathway could be upregulated in pregnant HIV negative women and these findings suggest that vaginal inflammation may play a role in HIV transmission from HIV-infected women to uninfected pregnant women. Moreover, upregulated interferon pathways could help understand how the body regulates genital viral infections in HIV-infected women.