This study tested if intergenerational differences in attitudes toward immigration in Sweden exist due to different early life socialization experiences across generations with cohort analysis. Also, if shock effects which are defined as large scale shifts in society affected different age-groups differently? As socioeconomic status was positively related to both proimmigration attitudes and age, age could be excluded from the model assuming aging affected attitudes only indirectly due to increased financial security, this avoided collinearity between age, period and cohort. Assuming that aging does not affect attitudes toward immigration the conclusion was made that intergenerational differences in attitudes exist due to a difference in early life socialization across generations. Observing the trends of different age-groups between 2002 and 2016 a pattern emerged where shock effects like the refugee crisis in 2015 seemed to affect all cohorts with similar force contrary to prior research and the impressionable years and later-life decline models.

Increased urban diversity in the metropolises of North America urges us to examine the different forms of mobility of transnational communities in cosmopolitan societies. Recent technological advancements, including developments in transport and communication networks, have significantly influenced participation in transnational activities and belonging to transnational social spaces. This study examines the relationships between long-term mobility (migration) and short-term mobility (tourism) by investigation the “visiting friends and family” travel of immigrants that best exemplifies the nexus between the two contemporary phenomena. As increasing levels of globalization and international migration are likely to be accompanied by increased transnationalism, the research uses transnationalism as a conceptual framework to study immigrants’ overseas travel. Research into the relationship between tourism and migration requires engaging with issues of citizenship as different categories of migrants have different rights in the country of settlement. This has implications for travel as revealed in the movements that occur between the places of origin of immigrants (which become destinations) and the new places of residence (which become new origins). These movements are likely to be influenced by the rights and duties of immigrants as citizens living within and moving around different states. This study examines the relationship between the overseas travel patterns of immigrants and their citizenship status. It also examines the role of ethnic and family reunion in shaping these travel patterns. The study also provides a deeper theoretical and empirical analysis of the role of ethnic reunion in shaping the travel patterns of immigrants and of the social and cultural meanings associated with the travel to the ancestral homeland. All of these issues are tackled by examining Palestinian immigrants in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) and by employing a mixed methods approach engaging both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis. Major research methods that are employed in the research include key informant interviews, questionnaire surveys, in-depth interviews, observation and field notes, and the use of secondary data. The study explored the politics of mobility for Palestinian-Canadians, an understudied population in terms of transnational practices and issues of identity and hybridity. It also explored issues of citizenship and belonging using extensive interview data with Palestinian-Canadians in the GTA. Throughout the thesis the highly politicized aspect of mobility/immobility, national identity, and national autonomy in the Palestinian case was present. The research highlighted the continuing role of state actors in determining mobility and rights, despite the increasing rhetoric of borderless mobility. The study reveals that the majority of the Palestinian Canadians travel overseas regularly and their outbound travel patterns demonstrate a significant ethnic component. Palestinian Canadians travel to their country of birth as their dominant outbound travel destination for the purposes of visiting friends and relatives and maintaining social and cultural ties, indicating strong ties with homeland that have ethnic links. However, Palestinians holding Canadian citizenship have a higher propensity to travel overseas than permanent resident. The return visits have social and cultural significance to the first and second generations. However, these return visits do not facilitate return migration.

Increased urban diversity in the metropolises of North America urges us to examine the different forms of mobility of transnational communities in cosmopolitan societies. Recent technological advancements, including developments in transport and communication networks, have significantly influenced participation in transnational activities and belonging to transnational social spaces. This study examines the relationships between long-term mobility (migration) and short-term mobility (tourism) by investigation the “visiting friends and family” travel of immigrants that best exemplifies the nexus between the two contemporary phenomena. As increasing levels of globalization and international migration are likely to be accompanied by increased transnationalism, the research uses transnationalism as a conceptual framework to study immigrants’ overseas travel. Research into the relationship between tourism and migration requires engaging with issues of citizenship as different categories of migrants have different rights in the country of settlement. This has implications for travel as revealed in the movements that occur between the places of origin of immigrants (which become destinations) and the new places of residence (which become new origins). These movements are likely to be influenced by the rights and duties of immigrants as citizens living within and moving around different states. This study examines the relationship between the overseas travel patterns of immigrants and their citizenship status. It also examines the role of ethnic and family reunion in shaping these travel patterns. The study also provides a deeper theoretical and empirical analysis of the role of ethnic reunion in shaping the travel patterns of immigrants and of the social and cultural meanings associated with the travel to the ancestral homeland. All of these issues are tackled by examining Palestinian immigrants in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) and by employing a mixed methods approach engaging both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis. Major research methods that are employed in the research include key informant interviews, questionnaire surveys, in-depth interviews, observation and field notes, and the use of secondary data. The study explored the politics of mobility for Palestinian-Canadians, an understudied population in terms of transnational practices and issues of identity and hybridity. It also explored issues of citizenship and belonging using extensive interview data with Palestinian-Canadians in the GTA. Throughout the thesis the highly politicized aspect of mobility/immobility, national identity, and national autonomy in the Palestinian case was present. The research highlighted the continuing role of state actors in determining mobility and rights, despite the increasing rhetoric of borderless mobility. The study reveals that the majority of the Palestinian Canadians travel overseas regularly and their outbound travel patterns demonstrate a significant ethnic component. Palestinian Canadians travel to their country of birth as their dominant outbound travel destination for the purposes of visiting friends and relatives and maintaining social and cultural ties, indicating strong ties with homeland that have ethnic links. However, Palestinians holding Canadian citizenship have a higher propensity to travel overseas than permanent resident. The return visits have social and cultural significance to the first and second generations. However, these return visits do not facilitate return migration.

La communauté 2ELGBTQI+ est souvent observée par sous-groupes liés au genre ou à la sexualité mais rarement comme une communauté en tant que telle à étudier. Ce mémoire a pour but de rechercher s’il existe des différences au niveau identitaire à la fois personnel et social (et donc inter et extra personnel) entre trois générations faisant partie de la communauté 2ELGBTQI+ de Montréal, et ce, inspecter sous les prises de l’identité individuel, communautaire et générationnel. Des concepts tels que le capital culturel de Bourdieu et celui des générations sont utilisés pour l’analyse des données tandis que sa collecte se fait au travers de 10 entrevues semi-structurées avec des personnes ayant vécu à Montréal plus de 6 mois, étant membres de la communauté 2ELGBTQI+ et étant soit de la génération Z, Y ou X. A cela s’ajoute une auto-ethnographie ainsi que des données provenant de la culture populaire et des réseaux sociaux souvent cités par les participants. / The 2SLGBTQI+ community is often analysed by subgroups related to gender or sexuality but rarely as a community as such to study. This thesis aims to investigate whether there are differences in terms of identity, both personal and social (and therefore inter and extra personal) between three generations that are part of the 2SLGBTQI+ community of Montreal, and to analyse this under the guise of individual, community and generational identity. Concepts such as Bourdieu's cultural capital and that of generations are used to analyse the data. At the same time, its collection is done through 10 semi-structured interviews with people who have lived in Montreal for more than 6 months, are members of the 2SLGBTQI+ community, and are either from generation Z, Y or X. In addition, an auto-ethnography as well as data from popular culture and social media that are popular or cited by the participants are added to the analysis.