This thesis found that many criticisms were directed to the International Auditing Standards (ISA). Thus, the ISA needs more interpretations and improvements to be more applicable and suitable for Jordan. The thesis concluded that the external auditors in Jordan are complying with the ISA. From the perceptions of external auditors, shareholders, academics, internal auditors, and financial management an audit expectation gap exists in Jordan. External auditors, shareholders and the ISA are responsible for that gap. Improvements are needed to both auditors' performance and the ISA to bridge the audit expectation gap. Furthermore, this thesis introduces recommendations to eliminate the shareholders' unreasonable expectations, which is one of the reasons for the audit expectation gap in Jordan. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Сфера аудиторской деятельности Российской Федерации в настоящий момент находится в процессе интеграции в интернациональное экономическое пространство, что выражается в переходе с 2017г. на международные стандарты аудита. Многие аспекты финансовой и правовой деятельности аудиторских организаций ещё нуждаются в доработке для их эффективного и конкурентоспособного функционирования в условиях переходного периода. В магистерской диссертации сформулированы и раскрыты положения научной новизны, связанные с систематизацией наиболее существенных различий и тенденций преемственности между федеральными и внедряемыми международными стандартами аудита, а также выявлена взаимосвязь между изменениями в стандартизации аудита и возможностями их внедрения в практическую деятельность российских аудиторских организаций в настоящее время. По результатам исследования разработана многофакторная модель оценки рисков аудиторской организации для повышения ее конкурентоспособности в условиях реформирования отрасли. Практическая значимость заключается в возможности применения данной методики в практической деятельности аудиторской фирмы для преодоления переходного периода без потерь качества оказываемых услуг, репутации и реальных доходов. / The sphere of auditing activities of the Russian Federation is currently in the process of integration into the international economic space, which is reflected in the transition from 2017. on international auditing standards. Many aspects of the financial and legal activities of audit organizations still need to be refined for their effective and competitive functioning in a transitional period. The master's thesis formulated and revealed the provisions of scientific novelty related to the systematization of the most significant differences and continuity trends between federal and international auditing standards being implemented, and also revealed the relationship between changes in audit standardization and the possibilities for their implementation in the practical work of Russian audit organizations at the present time. According to the results of the study, a multifactor risk assessment model has been developed for an audit organization to increase its competitiveness in the context of industry reform. The practical significance lies in the possibility of using this methodology in the practice of an audit firm to overcome the transition period without loss of the quality of services provided, reputation and real income.

Corruption is a worldwide phenomenon that is described by scholars as cancer in society. Although, corruption is comprised of a comprehensive character there are several ways to counteract its consequences, one example would be through the enhancement of auditing. It is therefore interesting to look at what effect mandatory audits have on small and medium-sized enterprises in countries where that not exists. The research questions we have chosen to focus on are what perspective Zambian auditors have on how well suitable mandatory audits and international auditing standards are for Zambian SMEs? We will also explore which the auditors’ views regarding the importance of auditing and its role in combating corruption? The purpose of this thesis is to create an understanding regarding implementing and improving the usage of mandatory audits and international auditing standards within Zambian SMEs. This also includes enlightening the problems auditors face in their process to use these regulations within Zambian SMEs as tools to assist in the fight against the obstacles that corruption creates. This study has been done through qualitative research where the main empirical findings have been conducted through interviews with auditors in Zambia. These auditors have for instance, been asked questions about what rules that exist in their country, their view on the implementation of mandatory auditing and international auditing standards on SMEs, and if they have any personal experience of corruption in their line of work. The conclusion from this research showed that auditing could aid in the fight against corruption. These conclusions are based on the perceptions and opinions of the included auditors. An implementation of mandatory audits and international auditing standards within Zambian SMEs will detect and reduce corruption. Despite potential shortfall in knowledge while implementing adjusted ISA for SMEs, the benefits of implementation exceed the shortcomings. Auditing cannot only be used to detect corruption but also to deter it. Through mandatory audits and the risk of being caught pursuing corrupt acts will increase, deterring corruption. Consequently, auditing carries a great importance to combat corruption, and mandatory audits together with implementations of international auditing standards within SMEs will aid in a significant reduction of corruption in Zambia. / Korruption är ett världsutbrett fenomen som har beskrivits av forskare som cancer i samhället. Eftersom korruption har en omfattande karaktär så finns det många sätt att bekämpa den, till exempel genom att öka genomsynligheten och förbättringar av revision. Det är därför intressant att undersöka vilka effekter ett revisionskrav för SMEs skulle ha på ett land som inte har det idag. Forskningsfrågorna vi har valt att fokusera på är vilket perspektiv Zambiska revisorer har på hur väl lämpad en revisionsplikt och internationella revisionsstandarder är för Zambiska SMEs? Vilka är revisorernas åsikter beträffande vikten av revision och dess roll i kampen mot korruption? Syftet med denna uppsats är att skapa en förståelse angående implementering och förbättring av revisionskrav och internationella revisionsstandarder i Zambiska SMEs. I det här inkluderas också att upplysa om problematiken för revisorerna i deras process att använda dessa reglementen i Zambiska små och medelstora företag som ett verktyg för att hjälpa till i kampen mot de hinder som korruption skapar. Studien har genomförts genom en kvalitativ undersökning där större delen av empirin har samlats in genom intervjuer med revisorer i Zambia. Dessa revisorer har blivit tillfrågade angående vilka regler som existerar i landet, vilken åsikt de har på en implementering av revisionsplikt och internationella standarder för SMEs samt om dem har någon personlig erfarenhet av korruption från deras arbete. Slutsatsen från den här undersökningen är att revision kan hjälpa till att bekämpa korruption. En implementering av ett revisionskrav och internationella revisionsstandarder i Zambiska SMEs kommer att ertappa och reducera korruption. Trots potentiella kunskapsbrister under implementeringen av de justerade ISA för SMEs kommer fördelarna av implementeringen att överträffa nackdelarna. Revision kan också användas för att avskräcka från korrupta handlingar. Följaktligen är revision av stor vikt i kampen mot korruption och revisionskravet tillsammans med implementering av internationella revisionsstandarder för SMEs kommer signifikant att minska korruptionen i Zambia.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo demostrar la importancia de la evaluación de las incorrecciones identificadas durante la realización de la auditoria (NIA 450) y su impacto en el sistema de control interno en el sector de las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito asociadas a la FENACREP en los distritos de Jesús maría y pueblo libre. Para el desarrollo del presente trabajo, hemos realizado una investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. Por ello, se utilizó encuestas aplicadas a los Gerentes Financieros o auditores internos de las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito que se encuentran ubicadas en el área de nuestro punto de investigación y entrevistas para recopilar las opiniones de los Auditores Financieros de las principales firmas de gran reconocimiento en el país. Asimismo, desarrollamos un caso integrador donde se evaluó el efecto de las incorrecciones identificadas y su impacto en el sistema de control interno de las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito. Los resultados de la investigación demuestran que las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito si tienen un impacto significativo después de realizada la auditoría externa, debido a los cambios positivos que se generan en la obtención de mejores procedimientos y controles. Todo ello, nos ha permitido concluir que la evaluación de las incorrecciones identificadas durante la auditoria tiene influencia en el sistema de control interno, ya que, después de pasar por un proceso de auditoría externa e identificar las falencias, estos han generado un impacto significativo positivo sobre el control interno, debido a que, las áreas en las que se identificaron los errores pudieron ser analizadas y evaluadas, tanto la reestructuración como la implantación de mejores controles internos para la compañía. / This research aims to demonstrate the importance of the evaluation of the improprieties identified during the completion of the audit (ISA 450) and their impact on the system of internal control in the field of savings and credit cooperatives associated with FENACREP district of Jesus Maria and Pueblo Libre. For this reason, then for the development of this work, we conducted a qualitative and quantitative research. For this reason, we used surveys applied to the financial managers of cooperatives such as credit unions, which are located in the area of our point of research and interviews to collect the views of the financial auditors of the major auditing firms of the world. In addition, we develop a case Integrator where evaluated the effect of the improprieties identified and its impact on the system of internal control of savings and credit cooperatives. The results of the investigation show that the cooperatives of savings and credit if they have a significant impact after the external audit, due to the positive changes they generate in obtaining better procedures and controls. All, has allowed us to conclude that the assessment of the improprieties identified during the audit has influence in the internal control system, because after going through an audit process and identify the flaws, these have generated a Significant impact on internal control because areas identified with errors were able to analyze and evaluate the restructuring and implementation of better internal controls for the company. / Tesis