Cette thèse de doctorat consiste en trois chapitres étudiant les liens transnationaux dans différents groupes d’économies industrialisées. Le premier chapitre montre que depuis le milieu des années 1980 et 1990, la part de la variance du cycle de l’investissement des entreprises due aux facteurs communs internationaux a augmenté aux États-Unis ainsi que dans les principaux pays Européens. Le second chapitre estime l’impact de la libéralisation et de l’internationalisation des secteurs bancaires et financiers sur les variations communes de la croissance du PIB réel. Depuis la fin des années 1970, un facteur commun international a contribué à la majorité de la croissance économique dans les pays de l’UE, les États-Unis, le Canada et le Japon. Parmi plusieurs indicateurs financiers, bancaires et monétaires, les prix des actions suivi des investissements de portefeuille ont été de loin les principaux déterminants de ce facteur. La suppression des contrôles sur le crédit domestique apparaît comme la seule mesure de libéralisation financière ayant eu un effet substantiel et négatif sur la croissance commune avant 1995. Le troisième chapitre étudie les sources de covariations du PIB réel entre les pays fondateurs de la zone euro. Tout au long de l’UEM, la synchronisation des cycles réels a été robustement reliée aux disparités en matière de politique budgétaire et de gains de productivité totale des facteurs. La synchronisation des cycles était étroitement associée à la similarité de la croissance des coûts salariaux unitaires avant 2007, mais non après 2007 lorsque les différentiels entre les taux d’intérêt à long terme sont devenus une cause majeure de divergence cyclique. / This doctoral thesis consists in three chapters investigating cross-country linkages in different samples of industrialized economies. The first chapter shows that the share of the investment cycle's variance due to common international factors has increased in the United States as well in large European countries. The second chapter estimates the impact of the liberalization and internationalization of the financial and banking sectors on real GDP growth comovements. Since the late 1970s, a common international factor has contribued to most economic growth in th EU countries, the United States, Canada and Japan. Among several financial, bank and monetary indicators, equity prices, followed by portofolio investment have been by far the main drivers of this factor. The removal of controls on domestic credit emerges as the only financial liberalization policy measure with a large and negative effect on common growth before 1995. The third chapter investigates the sources of real GDP's comovements between the founding member states of the euro area. Throughout EMU, real cyclical synchronization was robustly linked to disparities in term of fiscal policy and of total factor productivity gains. Cyclical synchronization was closely related to similarities in unit labour cost growth before 2007, but not after 2007 when long-term interest rate differentials became a major cause of cyclical divergence.

The topic of this thesis is a legal regulation of sales contract in international trade. Because of the scope of this work is purchase agreement in a trade, the scope of these diploma does not represent consumer sales (contract of sale between a business and private person who is not acting in the course of his or her business). To better understanding all relations in this thesis, is necessary to explain certain specifics, which are arising from this work. The first parties of this sales contract could be only business persons (undertakers), they are having their "places of business in different states." The second the notion "place of business in different states" means here is going about international contract of sale and so represents subjective aspect of international purchase agreement. Conception of international sales contract in the view of this subjective aspect enforcemented in all legal rules, which regulate international purchase agreement. The thesis is composed of three chapters and eighteen subchapters and provide so quite detail view on the legal regulation of sales contract. Chapter one consists of six subchapters and focuses on general questions, which relate to sales contract in international trade. The first is determined the notion of purchase agreement view in respect of...

M.Com. (Economic Development and Policy Issues) / This research analyses the effect of exchange rate volatility on exports using a sample of nine emerging countries – Argentina, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Malaysia, Poland, South Africa and Thailand – between 1995 and 2010. The study uses panel data models, with a standard exports equation with exports performance determined by exchange rate volatility, the level of exchange rate, demand conditions in major countries as well as terms of trade. Exchange rate volatility is measured by Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) and conventional standard deviation in order to determine if the instrument of volatility used influences the nature of the relationship between exchange rate volatility and exports. The results show that exchange rate volatility has a significant negative effect on the performance of exports regardless of the measure of volatility used. The Pedroni residual cointegration method was used to test for panel cointegration to determine if there is a long-run relationship among the variables, and the test showed that a long-run relationship does exists. Generally, the study concludes that policy mix that will reduce exchange rate volatility (such as managed exchange rate regimes) and relatively competitive exchange rates are essential for emerging markets in order to sustain their exports performance.

For various reasons, the city of New Orleans has often been ignored in discussions of the New South movement. New Orleans politicians joined the movement during the Progressive Era, much later than other Southern municipal leaders. In becoming a New South city, the Crescent City was launched onto the international trade scene. By an examination of city leaders' efforts to gain federal rights to host an exposition in celebration of the Panama Canal, this study argues New Orleans not only became a New South city, but an international trade entrepôt. Though the exposition efforts failed, the efforts of the city to cultivate its business and hospitality potential served the city well.

M.A. / International markets have expanded through the global reduction of protectionist policies, such as tariffs and quotas, which has in turn expanded international trade between states. The reduction of trade barriers and the implementation of trade liberalisation have caused the international trade structure to change; resources are shifting away from traditional industries and into new ones resulting in new trade opportunities and trade-offs. However, the gains from increased international trade have been unequal; some states, mainly the industrialised, developed nations and the East Asian economies, have reaped the benefits from an increasingly integrated trading system. Numerous developing countries have actively reduced their barriers to international trade and have attempted to integrate their economies into the international trading system. Nevertheless, many of these developing countries are highly impoverished and uncompetitive in the global economy. Within this context, it is the purpose of this dissertation to determine with greater clarity why certain developing countries have significantly decreased their barriers to international trade but have not benefited, both politically and economically, from these actions. In other words, why have certain developing countries, such as those in Latin America, the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and Africa, increased their trade liberalisation but not benefited from this increased openness. Additionally, why have other developing states, such as the East Asian economies, become key competitors within the global economy? In short, this study investigates why some developing countries trade more yet earn less. The examination of developing countries within the international trading system is presented in a theoretical perspective constructed with a focus on the three classic international relations theories, namely realism, liberalism and structuralism. Each of these theories is employed descriptively as well as prescriptively as tools to evaluate the nature of the international trading system as well as the positioning of developing countries within the trading regime. Applying these prisms of reality, certain developing countries’ position in the global economy are assessed and evaluated through an examination of the WTO and developing countries, the implementation of import substitution policies and export-led industrialisation strategies by various developing countries and the international trends that have caused various developing countries to be uncompetitive in the global trading regime.

The EU Trade policy applied to Latin america countries. The examination of present situation, prognosis and trends.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe Czech Republic's foreign trade relations with two Asian countries - China and India. Thesis is divided in three parts. First part is dedicated to the introduction of Indian economy and its growth. This part deals also with the analysis of the foreign trade relations between Czech Republic and India. Second part describes Chinese economy and the foreign trade between China and the Czech Republic. The purpose of the third part is to describe the foreign direct investment flows between the Czech Republik and India/China. All the parts contain also the main points of Czech, Indian and Chinese legilatives focused on international trade and foreign direct investment.

The state financial support of export is a part of the general economic policy of many countries. The thesis describes and compares systems of state financial support of export which are provided in the Czech republic and Italy, presented by specialized institutions (Česká exportní banka, Exportní garanční a pojišťovací společnost, Societa Italiana per le Imprese all' Estero, Istituto per i Servizi Assicurativi del Commercio Estero) and export strategies of both countries. Different aspects of comparison are the campaign and accessability of information, the institutional comparison and the pro-export strategies one. It is important to have well-structured and institutionally secured system of the state export support. The global crisis was an impulse for both countries to provide even more effective help to their international trade entrepreneurs.

L’intérêt à l’égard des relations économiques entre la Russie et l’Union européenne s’est accentué au cours des années 2000. L’interdépendance économique accrue entre les deux partenaires témoigne de l’importance de cette relation et justifie l’intérêt tant pour son architecture institutionnelle que pour ses conséquences de long terme. Notre démarche consiste à interroger la façon dont ce partenariat se construit sur la base des nouvelles propriétés convergentes entre la Russie et de l’Europe. Cela nous permet de mieux caractériser le rapport entre l’architecture institutionnelle et la dynamique « de facto » des échanges économiques au sein de ce partenariat qui, lui, tient compte de l’évolution des besoins économiques internes des deux partenaires. On est ramenés donc ici à aborder la question du développement économique interne de la Russie. Traiter ce dernier aspect à la lumière de l’évolution des relations Russie-Europe, en particulier à un moment où celles-ci sont grevées par l’hypothèque énergétique et des divergences d’ordre politique, peut paraître paradoxal. Toutefois, la prise en compte de la configuration de ces relations semble être pertinente à plus d’un titre et permet de constater que les échanges économiques entre l’UE et la Russie constituent la première étape d’un processus inéluctable de réalisation des objectifs de développement de long terme des deux partenaires. Les enjeux sont donc manifestes tant pour l’avenir de l’Europe que pour celui de la Russie. Largement lié à la question énergétique, ce partenariat est accompagné d’une ambition originale qui rappelle le vieux rêve d’une Eurasie fondée sur la relation de deux entités à vocation fédérale. Cependant, la forme même que prendrait cette Eurasie ainsi que ses limites posent problème. Ainsi, notre travail interroge la nature de ce modèle inédit de relations internationales, qui aurait la grande originalité de reposer exclusivement sur un équilibre institutionnel. Aussi, nous nous intéressons à la pertinence du qualificatif « partenariat » que l’on a l’habitude d’attribuer aux relations Russie-UE, pour voir s’il n’est pas plus approprié de parler d’une union politique régionale comme solution alternative à la globalisation. Enfin, ce travail entend fournir un cadre méthodologique original nécessaire à l’étude des relations particulières entre la Russie et l’Union européenne dans une perspective dynamique. / The interest regarding economic links between Russia and The European Union has considerably increased during the 2000s. The greater economic interdependence between the two partners is a sign of the importance of this relationship and justifies such an interest as much in its institutional architecture as in the long-term consequences. Our approach is to question the way this partnership is being built, based on new common assets between Russia and Europe. This allow us to better characterise the rapport between institutional architecture and the ‘de facto’ economic exchanges within this partnership, that take into account the evolution of domestic economic needs of both partners. The leads us, therefore, to address the question of Russian domestic economic development. Treating this last aspect in the light of the evolution of Russian-European relationships, particularly at a time when they are strained by the energy hypothesis and divergences of a political order, may seem paradoxical. However, examining the shaping of these relationships seems pertinent for several reasons and enables us to conclude that economic exchanges between the EU and Russia are the first stage in the necessary process towards achieving both partners’ long-term development goals. The stakes are apparent for the future of both Europe and Russia. Strongly linked to the energy question, this partnership is accompanied by an original ambition reminiscent of the old Eurasian dream, founded on the relationship between two entities with a federal vocation. However, the shape that this Eurasia might take, and its limits, pose a problem. Thus, our work questions the nature of this new model of international relations, which would be very original, based exclusively on an institutional equilibrium. We are also interested in the pertinence of the term ‘partnership’ that we tend to use to define Russian-EU relationships, to see if it might not be more appropriate to talk about a regional political union as an alternative solution to globalisation. Lastly, this study intends to propose an original methodical framework necessary for studying specific relationships between Russia and the European Union with a perspective for growth.

<div>The first chapter quantitatively examines the impact of exporting countries' reputations for product quality on aggregate trade flows. I introduce a novel data set in which recall incidences retrieved from the Consumer Product Safety Commission are matched to U.S. import data from 1990-2009. Using a model of learning I construct a measure for exporter reputation where consumers internalize product recalls as bad signals. Structural estimation of the model finds that reputation is important and especially impactful for products used by children. The market share elasticity of exporter's reputation is around 1.49 across products, similar in magnitude to the average price elasticity, which is around 1.51. Improving reputation can increase export value, but reputation is sluggish: increasing reputation by 10\% can take decades for most exporters. Counterfactual exercises confirm that quality inspection institutions are welfare improving, and quality inspection is especially important for consumers of toys. </div><div> </div><div> The second chapter summarizes the correlation between export decisions of Chinese firms and product recalls for Chinese products. I use a new data set where I link recall data scraped from CPSC to monthly Chinese Customs Data. I found that recalls from previous months correlates negatively with the decision of export participation, but not with export value. </div><div> </div><div><br></div><div> The third chapter, coauthored with Kendall Kennedy and Xuan Jiang, analyzes how China's industrialization and the immediate export growth due to the Open Door Policy change Chinese teenagers' education decisions, which explains the education decline. We find that, middle school completion rates increased and high school completion rates decreased in response to export growth. This suggests a tradeoff between education and labor market opportunities in China. These education effects are more prominent for cohorts who were younger when China's Open Door Policy began, even though these teenagers also faced a stronger education system compared to the earlier cohorts. </div>