Cortical representations are plastic and are allocated based on the proportional use or disuse of a pathway. A steady stream of sensory input maintains the integrity of cortical networks; while in contrast, alterations in afferent activation promote sensorimotor reorganization. After an incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), damage to the ascending and/or descending pathways induces widespread modifications to the sensorimotor system. Strengthening these spared sensorimotor pathways may be therapeutic by promoting functional recovery after injury. Using a technique called transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we show that the leg motor cortex is facilitated by peripheral sensory inputs via disinhibition and potentiation of excitatory intracortical circuits. Hence, in addition to its crucial role in sensory perception, excitation from peripheral sensory afferents can reinforce muscle activity by engaging, and possibly shaping, the activity of the human motor cortex. After SCI, the amount of excitation produced by afferent stimulation reaching the motor cortex is expectantly reduced and delayed. This reduction of sensory inflow to the motor cortex may contribute to our findings that cortical inhibition is down-regulated after SCI, and this compensation may aid in the recruitment of excitatory networks in the motor cortex as a result of the damage to its output neurons. By repeatedly pairing sensory inputs from a peripheral nerve in the leg with direct cortical activation by TMS, in an intervention called paired associative stimulation, we show that the motor system can be potentiated in both uninjured individuals and after SCI. In the uninjured subjects, we show that in order to produce associative facilitation, the time window required for coincident activation of the motor cortex by TMS and peripheral sensory inputs is not as narrow as previously thought (~100 vs. ~20 ms), likely due to the persistent activation of cortical neurons following activation by TMS. The potential to condition the nervous system with convergent afferent and cortical inputs suggests that paired associative stimulation may serve as a priming tool for motor plasticity and rehabilitation following SCI.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a widely-used investigative technique in motor cortical evaluation. TMS is now being used in the investigation of fatigue to help partition the effects of central fatigue. Few studies have utilized this technique to evaluate the effects of locomotor exercise and none in conditions of extreme exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was twofold; first, to answer methodological questions pertaining to the use of TMS in fatigue evaluation, particularly of the quadriceps, and second, to investigate the effects of extreme exercise conditions on the development of central and supraspinal fatigue and corticospinal excitability and inhibition. In Studies 1 and 2, the effect of approaching a target force in different ways before the delivery a TMS pulse and the difference between commonly-employed methods of determining TMS intensity on the selection of optimal TMS intensity were investigated. In Study 3, the effect of one night sleep deprivation on cognitive and exercise performance and central parameters was investigated. The effect of a 110-km ultra-trail on the supraspinal component of central fatigue was evaluated in Study 4. The principal findings from this thesis are that during TMS evaluation during brief voluntary contractions, it is essential to deliver the TMS pulse once the force has stabilized at the target and that a stimulus-response curve at 20% MVC is appropriate for determining optimal TMS intensity in exercise and fatigue studies. Furthermore, while sleep deprivation negatively-impacted cognitive and exercise performance, it did not influence neuromuscular parameters nor result in greater central fatigue. Supraspinal fatigue develops and corticospinal excitability increases during endurance/ultra-endurance running and cycling, while the effects on inhibitory corticospinal mechanisms are equivocal and probably depend on exercise characteristics and TMS intensity

La stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (TMS) est une technique d'investigation classiquement utilisée dans l'évaluation du cortex moteur. La TMS est utilisée dans l'étude de la fatigue afin de distinguer sa composante centrale. Peu d'études ont utilisé cette technique pour évaluer les effets de l'exercice locomoteur et aucune dans des conditions extrêmes. Ainsi, l'objectif de cette thèse était double: d'abord, répondre à certaines questions méthodologiques concernant l'utilisation de la TMS dans l'évaluation de la fatigue, en particulier du muscle quadriceps, et deuxièmement, étudier les effets de l'exercice en conditions extrêmes sur le développement de la fatigue centrale et supraspinal ainsi que sur l’excitabilité et l'inhibition corticospinales. Dans les Etudes 1 et 2, l'effet de différentes approches d'une force cible avant l’application d'une impulsion TMS ainsi que les différences entre les principales méthodes utilisées pour déterminer l'intensité optimale de TMS ont été étudiés. Dans l'Etude 3, l'effet d'une nuit de privation de sommeil sur les performances cognitives et physiques et les paramètres centraux a été étudié. L'effet d'un ultra-trail de 110 km sur la composante supraspinale de la fatigue centrale a été évalué dans l'Etude 4. Les conclusions principales de cette thèse sont, sur le plan méthodologique, i) que lors de l'évaluation par TMS pendant de brèves contractions volontaires, il est essentiel d’appliquer l'impulsion de TMS après que la force produite par le sujet se soit stabilisée à la valeur cible et ii) qu'une courbe stimulus-réponse à 20% de la force maximale volontaire est appropriée pour déterminer l'intensité de TMS optimale dans les études portant sur l'exercice et la fatigue. De plus, bien que la privation de sommeil ait des impacts négatifs sur les performances cognitives et à l'exercice, elle n'a pas d'influence sur des paramètres neuromusculaires ni ne provoque une plus grande fatigue centrale. Une fatigue supraspinale se développe et l’excitabilité corticospinale augmente au cours d’exercices d'endurance/ultra-endurance en course à pied et ne vélo, tandis que les effets sur les mécanismes inhibiteurs corticospinaux sont équivoques et probablement dépendent des caractéristiques de l'exercice et de l'intensité de la TMS / Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a widely-used investigative technique in motor cortical evaluation. TMS is now being used in the investigation of fatigue to help partition the effects of central fatigue. Few studies have utilized this technique to evaluate the effects of locomotor exercise and none in conditions of extreme exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was twofold; first, to answer methodological questions pertaining to the use of TMS in fatigue evaluation, particularly of the quadriceps, and second, to investigate the effects of extreme exercise conditions on the development of central and supraspinal fatigue and corticospinal excitability and inhibition. In Studies 1 and 2, the effect of approaching a target force in different ways before the delivery a TMS pulse and the difference between commonly-employed methods of determining TMS intensity on the selection of optimal TMS intensity were investigated. In Study 3, the effect of one night sleep deprivation on cognitive and exercise performance and central parameters was investigated. The effect of a 110-km ultra-trail on the supraspinal component of central fatigue was evaluated in Study 4. The principal findings from this thesis are that during TMS evaluation during brief voluntary contractions, it is essential to deliver the TMS pulse once the force has stabilized at the target and that a stimulus-response curve at 20% MVC is appropriate for determining optimal TMS intensity in exercise and fatigue studies. Furthermore, while sleep deprivation negatively-impacted cognitive and exercise performance, it did not influence neuromuscular parameters nor result in greater central fatigue. Supraspinal fatigue develops and corticospinal excitability increases during endurance/ultra-endurance running and cycling, while the effects on inhibitory corticospinal mechanisms are equivocal and probably depend on exercise characteristics and TMS intensity

No description available.

No description available.