Les perspectives dites des « cliniques de l’exil » se présentent souvent, dans la littérature psychopathologique et clinique, comme une clinique de ce qui a été perdu, dont le sujet se voit séparé de force. Une clinique de l’objet perdu donc, perçu comme manque ; cette perte est le plus souvent posée comme douloureuse et pensée comme détermination d’un état mélancolique. Or la clinique freudienne de l’objet perdu insiste sur sa construction, son avènement comme toujours déjà perdu et invite à saisir l’exil comme modalité de la séparation d’avec le Wohl primordial. C’est une séparation nécessaire pour advenir comme sujet de l’énonciation. Lacan pointe pour sa part une logique des exils au pluriel. Nos patients d’origine « étrangère » indiquent comment l’exil et le recours à une langue étrangère sont élevés au rang de symptôme et donc à accueillir et soutenir en clinique. Cette clinique « de la vie quotidienne » enseigne que l’exil implique la question de la filiation. Se pose ainsi la question du père. De la tuchè du père, quel automaton ou quelles inventions subjectives pour trouver une place dans le monde ? Cette clinique nous ouvre à des considérations qui nous font relire la littérature de manière renouvelée et repenser la « clinique de l’exil » en « clinique de l’exilé ». / « Exile » is presented in literature as an awful experience where the subject cries desperately after the lost object. Freudian psycho-analysis shows how important it is for the infant to get exiled from the primordial Wohl. The Lacanian definition of « exile » suggests to talk about « exiles », a plural, i.e as a structural disharmony. We have, therefore, wanted to examine the relationship between « exile », foreign langage » and their function for a foreign patient. The other side of our work is to examine the effects of exile upon the next generations. Actually, the main question is in what way both exile and foreign langage are symptoms when the father’s function is inefficient. We have based our everyday work with foreign patients upon a clinical approach which respects the psychic structure, the symptom and the various solutions or subjective inventions looking for a place in this world among men.Key words

Man’s relationship with architecture is not intellectual, but associated with our emotive subconscious. The quality of space, as defined by architecture, is personified and evaluated through the experience it orchestrates. The investigation aims to uncover the process of choreographing emotive experiences through design. These pertain to the writings of renowned Swiss architect, Peter Zumthor, who manages to design evocative spaces, architecture that embodies definite atmospheres. Zumthor explains in his manifesto Thinking Architecture, that atmosphere is measured through man’s emotional sensibility, rendering experience and emotion as tools for designing spatial quality. Architecture is not abstract, but concrete matter, an assemblage of quantifiable substance, and thus, the architectural palette exists within emotion. Beyond its physicality, architectural elements embody sensory potential in its application, arrangements and composition. The architect orchestrates the infinite architectural palette to provoke the senses, which defines experience. Finnish architect, Juhani Pallasmaa, better known for his writings on architecture and the senses, writes extensively on the non-cognitive realm of architecture as experienced, not only through the traditional senses measured by sight, sound, smell, touch and taste, but includes the human body in its dimensionality as it relates to its surroundings, ergonomically and spatially. The architectural premise lead to an investigation into the lost landscape of Pretoria’s Central Business district, where spatial and material degradation have abandoned various sites in hostility. The forsaken lot on the corner of Pretorius and Sophie de Bruyn Streets, currently offers its users, the South African National Police Service (SAPS), nothing more than a parking space. The vastness of emotion in which the architectural palette exists, focused the exploration on a specific emotion as derived from the users of the identified, abandoned lot. As a result of a media-generated perception, members of the SAPS have been alienated by society. Alienation, translated into architectural terms, means ‘to be outside’. The architecture is informed by the contrasting experiential conditions of alienation and belonging, outside and inside, danger and safety, chaos and cosmos. The architecture becomes the transitional medium. The Inner City Police Retreat fills the empirical void in a series of orchestrated experiences, in an attempt to inspire and transform the day to day existence of its users. / Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

My research seeks to understand the behaviour of workers and firms and how their decisions affect labour market outcomes. My PhD dissertation consists of three separate Chapters that use detailed historical, census and administrative data to gain insights into the mechanisms at play when incentives for production and location decisions change. Chapter 1 asks whether financial incentives can induce inventors to innovate more. I exploit a large reduction in the patent fee in the United Kingdom in 1884 to distinguish between its effect on increased efforts to invent, and a decrease in patent quality due to a lower quality threshold. For this analysis I create a detailed new dataset of 54,000 British inventors with renewal information for each patent. In the longer run high-quality patenting increases by over 100 percent, and the share of new patents due to greater effort accounts for three quarters of the pre-reform share of high-quality patents. To test for the presence of credit constraints I generate two wealth proxies from inventor names and addresses, and find a larger innovation response for inventors with lower wealth. These results indicate efficiency gains from decreasing the cost of inventing and in addition, from relaxing credit constraints. In Chapter 2 we assess the effects of changes in ethnic neighbourhood composition in England and Wales. A change in social housing allocations in the 1990s serves as instrument for changes in the local ethnic composition. For the analysis we create a dataset of highly disaggregated census geographies for 1991-2011. The results imply that an exogenous increase in social housing minority share by 10 percentage points raises the minority share in private housing by 1.2 percentage points initially. This sorting effect is larger for privately rented than for privately owned housing. We further show that an increase in the minority share leads to higher local population growth and a small decrease in house prices in the longer run. Chapter 3 proposes a new approach for analysing responses to comprehensive labour market reforms. Using detailed micro data we evaluate the German Hartz reforms that aimed at reducing unemployment. The timing of the reforms affects the model parameters, which are estimated using matched data on 430,000 workers in 340,000 firms. Contrary to previous findings, our analysis shows that the reforms marginally reduced unemployment at the cost of a pronounced decline in wages. Low-skilled workers suffered the largest wage losses. Furthermore, we decompose the contribution of each reform wave on employment and wages, and document a structural shift in the factors that govern overall wage dispersion.

本研究旨在探討國立高中學校行政組織調整之需求性、剖析我國國立高中學校行政組織中，職務由教師兼任的概況、瞭解我國國立高中學校行政組織及運作之缺失、分析現行國立高中學校行政組織之改進途徑，提出有助於國立高中學校行政組織再造的架構，以提供學校及主管教育行政機關參考。採用的研究方法計有：問卷調查法、訪談法。 本研究係以高中教師及兼任行政人員、專職行政人員及主管教育行政機關之教育行政人員為研究對象。在問卷方面，以臺中縣市國立高中為研究抽樣母體，採分層隨機抽樣進行問卷調查，總計共發出問卷500份，回收411份，有效問卷411份，總回收率為82.2%。 本研究經過文獻探討及調查和訪談結果分析，得到如下的結論： 一、 現行國立高中學校行政組織架構，各校設立之組別大致相似。 二、 各校現行之學校行政組織中較迫切需要再造之處，頗符合現況需求。加強專業養成訓練；採勞務外包制；員額採總量管制。 三、 各校現行之學校行政組織架構較類似甲方案。較傾向於傳統之處室分組架構。 四、 國立高中學校行政組織，多數的填答者認為國立高中之規模區分維持現狀無須調整。 五、 國立高中學校行政組織，教學組、試務組以及訓育組較適合由教師兼任組長。 六、 現行國立高中學校行政組織及運作之缺失︰教師兼任行政工作意願不高；行政工作勞逸不均；行政組織結構缺乏彈性。 七、 現行國立高中學校行政組織改進途徑︰加強行政人員的專業養成訓練；改善各組行政工作勞逸不均；教職員採總量管制。 八、 國立高中學校行政組織再造，可透過將非屬核心業務外包或場所委外經營的方式來提升行政效率。 九、 進行國立高中學校行政組織再造，可以朝著裁併處室、裁併組別或歸併的方向調整。 十、 國立高中學校行政組織架構調整，以維持現狀的甲案最為填答者支持，反映出普遍冀求安定，但亦有近半數認同再造。 根據以上之結論，提出如下的建議，以供參考。 壹、教育行政機關方面 一、訂定組織再造計畫，因應未來實際需求。 二、行政組織法令鬆綁，賦予彈性自主運作。 三、從制度面根本解決教師兼任行政工作意願不高之學校行政組織運作的缺失，建議教師兼任的適合度較低的職務由專任行政人員擔任。　　 貳、對學校的建議 一、訂定工作流程的簡化措施，修訂學校的校務章則規程。 二、積極進行較迫切需要再造之處。 三、辦理勞務外包，減輕人員工作負擔，縮編員額節省人事經費。 四、非屬核心業務委外經營，開拓財源，減輕行政負擔，有利於組織再造；建議學校可以將餐廳、合作社、游泳池等場所委外經營。 五、加強行政人員專業養成訓練，鼓勵兼行政教師參與行政研習。 六、合理分工各組業務，避免工作勞逸不均。 七、簡化行政業務工作流程，活化學校行政運作機制。 八、 進行國立高中學校行政組織再造，建議裁併部分處室或組別。 / This study is researching the necessity of adjusting the administration organization in national senior school, and exhaustedly analyzing the condition that a teacher holds a concurrent administrative post. Meanwhile, we can understand the faults of the school administrative organization and its administrative operation, and then we can analyze the improving gateways used nowadays in national senior high schools. Furthermore, we can offer the skeleton of reengineering administration organization, and the references to schools and the managers of the educational administration institution. These researching methods which I used are including “questionnaire survey law” and “visiting discussion”. The object personnel that I researched were senior high school teachers, concurrent administrators, full-time administrators and some educational administration personnel in manager educational administration institution. As to the questionnaire survey, we took national senior high schools in Taichung City and Taichung County as the matrix of lamination random sampling. We sent out about 500 “asks-the-volumes” and returned 411 “asks-the-volumes”. The recall “asks-the-volumes” were all effective, so the total returns-ratio reached 82.2%. After literature discussion, investigation and visiting discussion, we come to the following conclusions: 1. The administrative organization skeletons of sections in national senior high schools nowadays are similar to one another. 2. The schools’ administrative organizations now needed urgently reengineering in national senior high schools are: strengthen the professional nurture training, the school services need adopting by “outside the service wraps”. And the specified number of personnel uses the total quantity control. These conform to the present situation demand. 3. The school administrative organization skeleton now traditionally tends to the way of “office room grouping”. 4. The majority of the answerers think that we needn’t adjust the present scale discrimination in high schools’ administrative organization and maintain the present situation. 5. The suitable concurrent posts for high school teachers are the Curriculum and Instruction Section, Examination Section and Extra-curriculum section in national senior high school administrative organization. 6. The demerits in high schools’ administrative organization and their operations nowadays are: teachers are not willing to be concurrent administrative personnel, the administrative affairs unbalance, and the administrative organization structures are lack of flexibility. 7. The ways of improving the schools’ administrative organization in national senior high schools are: strengthen the administrative personnel professional nurture training, balance the service work between sections, and teachers and administrators use the total quantity control. 8. As for the high schools’ re-engineering administrative organization, we may penetrate the outside agent to deal with the non- core business, or place request management in order to uplift the administration efficiency. 9. In proceeding the schools’ re-engineering administrative organization in national senior high schools, we can consolidate offices, or sections, etc., or combine some offices or sections. 10. In adjusting national senior high schools’ administrative organization skeletons, most answerers support to maintain the present situation. According to the above conclusions, my proposals are as following: --supply the reference 1. The proposals for the educational authorities: (a) To make the plans of re-engineering organization, be accordance to the future actual demand. (b) To loose the administrative constitutive law, afford the autonomous flexibility in operation. (c) To solve the demerits basically from the system surface that the teachers are unwilling to serve the part-time employment, suggest that some jobs unsuitable for teachers can be done by full-time administrative personnel. 2. The proposals for school authorities: (a) To make the brief measure of working flow, reedit the rules and regulations of school affairs. (b) To carry on what will be re-engineered positively and urgently. (c) To transact all labor services done by outside agent to reduce the burden of internal personnel, and incorporate personnel to save the personnel funds. (d) To afford the non-core business managed by outside agent, exploit the finance, lighten the administrative burden, will be advantageous of re-engineering organization. And proposal that school cafeteria, cooperative, and swimming pool can be managed by outside agent. (e) To strengthen administrative personnel’s professional nurture training, encourage concurrently administrative teachers to attend the administrative thorough study. (f) To divide each service labor rationally, avoid the unfair burden in assigning work. (g) To brief the administrative affairs work flow, activate the school administrative operation mechanism. (h) To be engaged in re-engineering administrative organization in national senior high schools, suggest consolidating some offices or sections.

This thesis explores the relationship between differing interpretation of the California Dream and the narrative strategies through while [sic] they are expressed in three California labor novels during three different decades of California literature.