Cyanobacterial algal bloom is a major water quality issue in inland lakes, reservoirs, and estuarine environments because of its scum and bad odor forming and toxin producing abilities. Health risks from cyanobacterial toxin can vary from skin irritations to fever, intestinal problems, and neurological disorders. Terminations of blooms also cause oxygen depletion leading to hypoxia and widespread fish kills. Adding to the problem, many species of cyanobacteria produce odorous compounds such as geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) that cause “earthy-muddy” and “musty” odor in drinking water, which is also a serious issue in aquaculture and drinking water industry. Therefore continuous monitoring of cyanobacterial presence in recreational water bodies, surface drinking water sources, and water bodies dedicated for aquaculture is highly required for their early detection and subsequent issuance of a health warning and reducing the economic loss. Remote sensing techniques offers the capability of identifying and monitoring cyanobacterial blooms in a synoptic scale. Over the years, the scientific community has focused on developing methods to quantify cyanobacterial biomass using phycocyanin,an accessory photosynthetic pigment, as a marker pigment. However, because of the confounding influence of chlorophyll-a and other photo pigments, remote retrieval of phycocyanin signal from turbid productive water has been a difficult task. This dissertation analyzes the potential of remote sensing techniques and develops empirical and quasi-analytical algorithms to isolate the phycocyanin signal from the remote sensing reflectance data using a set of radiative transfer equations and retrieves phycocyanin concentration in the water bodies. An extensive dataset, consisting of in situ radiometric measurements, absorption measurements of phytoplankton, colored dissolved organic matter, detritus, and pigment concentration, was used to optimize the algorithms. Validations of all algorithms were also performed using an independent dataset and errors and uncertainties from the algorithms were discussed. Despite the simplicity, an empirical model produced highest accuracy of phycocyanin retrieval, whereas, the newly developed quasi-analytical phycocyanin algorithm performed better than the existing semi-analytical algorithm. Results show that remote sensing techniques can be used to quantify cyanobacterial phycocyanin abundance in turbid and hypereutrophic waters.

Objective: To compare the tape cast, and an Air-Stirrup/closed basketweave combination to the Air-Stirrup alone with respect to their effects on dynamic ankle inversion. Design and Setting: This study used a repeated measures design with the independent variables being the exercise bout and the ankle support method (4 levels: no support, Air-Stirrup only, Air-Stirrup/closed basketweave, and tape cast). The 2 dependent variables were total inversion and maximum inversion velocity. Measurements were taken before and after an exercise bout, and all trials were conducted in the university's human performance laboratory. Subjects: 16 subjects (11 male, 5 female, age 24.3 ± 1.8 years) with no ankle injury within 6 months prior to participation participated in this study. Measurements: Subjects stood on an inversion platform, which rotated 37° in the frontal plane, creating dynamic inversion of the ankle. Total inversion and maximum inversion velocity were calculated using electrogoniometers. A linear growth curve was used to model pre to post exercise differences. Results: There was a significant difference between the control and the 3 support methods for both variables. The effects of the Air-Stirrup/closed basketweave were similar to the effects of the Air-Stirrup alone. There was no significant difference between the tape cast and the Air-Stirrup. Conclusions: All 3 support methods significantly reduce total ankle inversion and maximum inversion velocity. When compared with the Air-Stirrup alone, the tape cast and the tape/brace combination both are similar in their effects on total ankle inversion and maximum inversion velocity.

<p> The objective of this research project was to study applications of statistical unimolecular reaction theories to a simple model chemical process. Such studies are needed to test the existing theories and provide direction for their further development. T-shaped Ar3, a simple chaotic two degree of freedom system, is an excellent candidate for such study, since statistical behavior is generally associated with chaotic dynamics.</p> <p> Chemical kinetics predicts fully statistical decay curves of microcanonical population associated with one of the two equivalent arrangements of T-shaped Ar3. However numerical computations, presented here, reveal nonstatistical characteristics of microcanonical T-shaped Ar3 inversion at energies associated with strongly chaotic dynamics. Nonstatisticality is most pronounced at higher energies where internal relaxation time scales are comparable to the inversion time. At such energies, population decay curves exhibit damped oscillations about the equilibrium population. At energies just above the inversion threshold, where inversion is very slow, near statistical nonoscillatory behavior is observed. The "absorbing barrier method" of J.E. Straub and B.J. Berne [J. Chem. Phys. 83, 1138 (1985)] is shown to provide a reasonable model for observed population decays. Characteristics of corresponding gap distributions are described in terms of an adapted "delayed lifetime gap model". Analysis of the model which combines the absorbing barrier method and the adapted delayed lifetime gap model provides insight into the observation of both oscillatory and nonoscillatory population decays. Specifically, the analysis describes the observations in terms of an "underdamped" or "overdamped" harmonic oscillator, respectively.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

<p> The single selective inversion recovery experiment, developed by Bain and Cramer, has been used with great success in elucidating the molecular dynamics of three systems.</p> <p> The isomerization of d,l bis(1-indenyl)dimethylsilane to its meso isomer proceeds through sequential [1,5]-suprafacial shifts; ΔH+ for the process was evaluated as 21.9 ± 0.5 kcal/mol. There is only one mechanism operating at a detectable rate below about 150°C. Below 100°C this process is too slow to be detected by DNMR, but it is readily followed by classical kinetics methods. Above 100°C, the isomerization may be followed by 1D selective inversion experiments. The isoindene intermediate is conveniently trapped as its double Diels-Alder adduct showing that the rearrangement occurs relatively rapidly on the chemical time-scale.</p> <p> The barrier to hindered rotation about the Mn - C(4) sigma bond in (n^1 -Cpp)Mn(CO)3(PEt3)2 was measured. The observed value of ΔH+ was 13.1 ± 0.2 kcal/mol. ΔS+ was determined to be -11.2 ± 0.7 eu. As the compound is thermally sensitive, it would have been impossible to use lineshape analysis to determine the barrier. 1D selective inversion recovery experiments were used.</p> <p> A combination of 13C NOESY, 13C single selective inversion, and 13C lineshape analysis experiments identified the exchange pathways and determined temperature-dependent rate constants for the N,N'-[dimethyl-(2,2'dithiobisacetyl)]ethylenediamine (DADS) system. DADS exists as five exchanging rotamers in solution. Two of the conformers are symmetric, with C2 symmetry (ZZ1 and ZZ2). The other three conformers are asymmetric, with one amide group cis and the other trans (ZE1, ZE2, ZE3).</p> <p> The NOESY experiments gave a site-to-site map of the exchange processes at several temperatures. At room temperature, ZE1 is exchanging with both ZE2 and ZE3, but there appears to be no exchange between ZE2 and ZE3. This process seems to occur via hindered rotation about the disulfide bond, with ΔH+ = 15.3 ± 0.4 kcal/mol, and ΔS+ = -6.3 ± 1.1 eu.</p> <p> At higher temperatures, ZZ1 and ZZ2 start to exchange with ZE1 via hindered rotation about the amide bonds. ΔH+ for the process was determined to be 19.8 ± 0.4 kcal/mol, and ΔS+ was found to be 0.7 ± 1.2 eu. The barrier agrees quite well with that measured for the uncyclized precursor to DADS. ΔH+ was found to be 19.3 ± 0.7 kcal/mol, while ΔS+ was determined to be 2.5 ± 2.1 eu.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The focus of this research is to develop and extend the application of existing technologies to enhance seismic reservoir characterization. The chapters presented in this dissertation constitute five individual studies consisting of three applications of the Radon transform, one aspect of acoustic wave propagation, and a pilot study of generating a stochastic reservoir model. The first three studies focus on the use of the Radon transform to enhance surface-recorded, controlled-source seismic data. First, the use of this transform was extended to enhance diffraction patterns, which may be indicative of subsurface fractures. The geometry of primary reflections and diffractions on synthetic common-shot-gather data indicate that Radon filters can predict and model primary reflections upon inverse transformation. These modeled primaries can then be adaptively subtracted from the input gather to enhance the diffractions. Second, I examine the amplitude distortions at near and far offsets caused by free-surface multiple removal using Radon filters. These amplitudes are often needlessly reduced due to a truncation effect when the commonly used, unweighted least-squares solution is applied. Synthetic examples indicate that a weighted solution to the transformation minimizes this effect and preserves the reflection amplitudes. Third, a novel processing flow was developed to generate a stacked seismic section using the Radon transform. This procedure has the advantage over traditional summation of normal moveout corrected common midpoint gathers because it circumvents the need to perform manual and interpretive velocity analysis. The fourth study involves the detection of thin layers in periodic layerstacks. Numerical modeling of acoustic wave propagation suggests that the sinusoidal components of an incident signal with a wavelength that corresponds to the periodicity of the material be preferentially reflected. Isolating the different portions of the reflected wavefield and calculating the energy spectra may provide evidence of thin periodic layers which are deterministically unresolvable on their own. Object-based reservoir modeling often incorporates the use of lithology logs, deterministic seismic interpretation, architectural element analysis, geologic intuition, and modern and outcrop analogs. This last project consists of a pilot study where a more quantitative approach to define the statistical parameters currently derived through geologic intuition and analogs was developed. This approach utilizes a simulated annealing optimization technique for inversion and the pilot study shows that it can improve the correlation between synthesized and control logs. / Ph. D.

To obtain the rupture history of the Parkfield, California, earthquake, we perform 12 kinematic inversions using elliptical sub-faults. The preferred model has a seismic moment of 1.21 x 10^18 Nm, distributed on two distinct ellipses. The average rupture speed is ~2.7 km/s. The good spatial agreement with previous large earthquakes and aftershocks in the region, suggests the presence of permanent asperities that break during large earthquakes. We investigate our inversion method with several tests. We demonstrate its capability to retrieve the rupture process. We show that the convergence of the inversion is controlled by the space-time location of the rupture front. Additional inversions show that our procedure is not highly influenced by high-frequency signal, while we observe high sensitivity to the waveforms duration. After considering kinematic inversion, we present a full dynamic inversion for the Parkfield earthquake using elliptical sub-faults. The best fitting model has a seismic moment of 1.18 x 10^18 Nm, distributed on one ellipse. The rupture speed is ~2.8 km/s. Inside the parameter-space, the models are distributed according the rupture speed and final seismic moment, defining a optimal region where models fit correctly the data. Furthermore, to make the preferred kinematic model both dynamically correct while fitting the data, we show it is necessary to connect the two ellipses. This is done by adopting a new approach that uses b-spline curves. Finally, we relocate earthquakes in the vicinity of the Darfield, New-Zealand earthquake. 40 years prior to the earthquake, where there is the possibility of earthquake migration towards its epicentral region. Once it triggers the 2010-2011 earthquake sequence, we observe earthquakes migrating inside regions of stress increase. We also observe a stress increase on a large seismic gap of the Alpine Fault, as well as on some portions of the Canterbury Plains that remain today seismically quiet.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Linear sound sweeps from a towed J15-3 sound source were collected at a moored VLA hydrophone array in the South China Sea during the ASIAEX experiment in May 2001. Measured signals were filtered and pulse compressed. The processed data showed a high signal to noise ratio. Given an a priori chirp sonar survey, a two layer bottom "first guess" model was constructed. A broadband coupled-mode model was used to perform an exhaustive frequency variant sensitivity study of VLA pressures to changes in bottom properties as a basis for the geoacoustic inverse problem. Study results provided information on the observability of the various geoacoustic parameters and a procedure for the inversion. Matched field processing of the VLA data, using the same coupledmode model, was then performed to calculate ambiguity diagrams from which geoacoustic parameter estimates were obtained. Since VLA pressure fields were not sensitive to changes in the sediment attenuation coefficient, a matched field technique that correlated the slope of modeled transmission loss to the negative slope of 10log of the observed energy was performed in order to obtain estimates of the attenuation. These estimates showed a frequency dependent attenuation coefficient in the 50-600Hz frequency band. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude de familles à un paramètre de coproduits sur lesfonctions symétriques et leurs analogues non commutatifs. On montre en introduisant une base appropriée qu’une famille à un paramètre d’algèbres de Hopf introduite par Foissy interpole entre l’algèbre de Faà di Bruno et l’algèbre de Farahat-Higman. Les constantes de structure dans cette base sont des déformations des constantes de structures de l’algèbre de Farahat-Higman dans la base des projections des classes de conjugaison. On obtient pour ces constantes de structure déformées un analogue des formules de Macdonald. Foissy a également introduit un analogue non commutatif de cette famille d’algèbres de Hopf, qui interpole entre l’algèbre de Hopf des fonctions symétriques non commutatives et l’algèbre de Faà di Bruno non commutative. Après avoir donné une nouvelle interprétation combinatoire de la formule de Brouder-Frabetti-Krattenthaler pour l’antipode de l’algèbre de Faà di Bruno non commutative, qui est une forme de la formule d’inversion de Lagrange non commutative, on donne une déformation à un paramètre de cette formule. Plus précisément, on obtient une formule explicite pour l’antipode de la déformation de Foissy dans sa version non commutative. On donne aussi d’autres propriétés combinatoires de l’algèbre de Faà di Bruno non commutative et d’autres résultats permettant d’étudier les deux familles d’algèbre de Hopf de Foissy. Ainsi, on généralise par exemple d’autres formes de la formule d’inversion de Lagrange non commutative en donnant d’autres formules qui calculent l’antipode de la deuxième déformation. / This thesis is devoted to study one-parameter families of coproducts on symmetric functionsand their noncommutative analogues. We show, by introducing an appropriate basis,that a one-parameter family of Hopf algebras introduced by Foissy interpolates between theFa`a di Bruno algebra and the Farahat-Higman algebra. The structure constants in this basisare deformations of the structure constants of the Farahat-Higman algebra in the basis ofprojections of conjugacy classes. For these deformed structure constants, we obtain an analogueof the Macdonald formulas.Foissy has also introduced a noncommutative analogue of this family of Hopf algebras. Itinterpolates between the Hopf algebra of noncommutative symmetric functions and the noncommutativeFa`a di Bruno algebra. First, we give a new combinatorial interpretation ofthe Brouder-Frabetti-Krattenthaler formula for the antipode of the noncommutative Fa`a diBruno algebra, that is a form of the noncommutative Lagrange inversion formula. Then, wegive a one-parameter deformation of this formula. Namely, it is an explicit formula for theantipode of the noncommutative family.We also give other combinatorial properties of the noncommutative Fa`a di Bruno algebra,and other results about the families of Hopf algebras of Foissy. In this way, we generalize otherforms of the noncommutative Lagrange inversion formula. Namely, we give other formulasfor the antipode of the noncommutative family.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de résoudre un problème d'inversion sous incertitudes de fonctions coûteuses à évaluer dans le cadre du paramétrage du contrôle d'un système de dépollution de véhicules.L'effet de ces incertitudes est pris en compte au travers de l'espérance de la grandeur d'intérêt. Une difficulté réside dans le fait que l'incertitude est en partie due à une entrée fonctionnelle connue à travers d'un échantillon donné. Nous proposons deux approches basées sur une approximation du code coûteux par processus gaussiens et une réduction de dimension de la variable fonctionnelle par une méthode de Karhunen-Loève.La première approche consiste à appliquer une méthode d'inversion de type SUR (Stepwise Uncertainty Reduction) sur l'espérance de la grandeur d'intérêt. En chaque point d'évaluation dans l'espace de contrôle, l'espérance est estimée par une méthode de quantification fonctionnelle gloutonne qui fournit une représentation discrète de la variable fonctionnelle et une estimation séquentielle efficace à partir de l'échantillon donné de la variable fonctionnelle.La deuxième approche consiste à appliquer la méthode SUR directement sur la grandeur d'intérêt dans l'espace joint des variables de contrôle et des variables incertaines. Une stratégie d'enrichissement du plan d'expériences dédiée à l'inversion sous incertitudes fonctionnelles et exploitant les propriétés des processus gaussiens est proposée.Ces deux approches sont comparées sur des fonctions jouets et sont appliquées à un cas industriel de post-traitement des gaz d'échappement d'un véhicule. La problématique est de déterminer les réglages du contrôle du système permettant le respect des normes de dépollution en présence d'incertitudes, sur le cycle de conduite. / This thesis deals with the inversion problem under uncertainty of expensive-to-evaluate functions in the context of the tuning of the control unit of a vehicule depollution system.The effect of these uncertainties is taken into account through the expectation of the quantity of interest. The problem lies in the fact that the uncertainty is partly due to a functional variable only known through a given sample. We propose two approaches to solve the inversion problem, both methods are based on Gaussian Process modelling for expensive-to-evaluate functions and a dimension reduction of the functional variable by the Karhunen-Loève expansion.The first methodology consists in applying a Stepwise Uncertainty Reduction (SUR) method on the expectation of the quantity of interest. At each evaluation point in the control space, the expectation is estimated by a greedy functional quantification method that provides a discrete representation of the functional variable and an effective sequential estimate from the given sample.The second approach consists in applying the SUR method directly to the quantity of interest in the joint space. Devoted to inversion under functional uncertainties, a strategy for enriching the experimental design exploiting the properties of Gaussian processes is proposed.These two approaches are compared on toy analytical examples and are applied to an industrial application for an exhaust gas post-treatment system of a vehicle. The objective is to identify the set of control parameters that leads to meet the pollutant emission norms under uncertainties on the driving cycle.

Des mesures de résistivité électrique et des campagnes d’observations géologiques ont été menées pour cartographier le contact sédiment/roche basale ainsi que les structures d’impact associées au cratère d’impact Bosumtwi datant de 1,07 millions d’années. Le cratère de 10,5 km de diamètre s’est formé dans des roches métamorphiques du Précambrien (2,1 à 2,2 milliard d’années), d’origine sédimentaire et volcanique. Il est actuellement rempli par le lac Bosumtwi de 8,5 km de diamètre. Ce cratère est la source des tektites et microtektites dispersées jusqu’en Côte d’Ivoire et au large des côtes ouest africaine. La campagne de mesures éophysiques consiste en 16 tomographies de résistivité électrique effectuées radialement des rives du lac vers les bords du cratère d’impact. Chaque profil utilise un système d’acquisition multi – électrodes avec une distance minimum entre les électrodes de 5 m. Les données ont été corrigées des effets topographiques et inversées en utilisant le programme commercial d’inversion Res2DInv, avec la norme L1 considérée plus robuste. La zone comprise entre les rives du lac et le bord externe du cratère de divise en trois formations géologiques principales. Les régions de faibles résistivités (< 64 .m) représentent les sédiments de lac. Les zones de resistivités moyennes (entre 128 et 200 .m) sont interprétées comme des brèches liées à l’impact, en dikes, allochtones ou parautochtones. Les régions de hautes résistivités (> 128 .m) représentent les roches métamorphiques sous-jacentes, d’origine volcanique ou sédimentaire. Les profils de résistivités permettent de retrouver la géométrie et l’extension latérale de ces trois types de roches. Une correspondance directe entre la lithologie observée en surface et les structures mises en évidence par les mesures de résistivité électrique dans le sous-sol est observée à Dwamam au Sud-Est dulac. À Dwamam, les sédiments sont environ à 200 m de la rive du lac et s’étendent environ sur 400 m vers les les bords du cratère, à la différence des autres zones où ont pu être cartographiés les sédiments. La topographie du contact sédiment/roche basale présente une direction particulière NE-SO avec un pendage variant entre 16 degrés au NE et 36 degrés au SO. Une majorité de fractures ont été remarquées dans le SO, remplies par des clasts et des brèches d’impacts. Les failles sont surtout présentent à l’Ouest du lac. En moyenne elles présentent un pendage variant entre 60o à l’Est et 80 degrés à l’Ouest du cratère. Des analyses statistiques ont été effectuées sur les directions et les pendages des failles selon les loi de von Mises et Fisher. Elles démontrent que les failles s’alignent préférentiellement le long de deux directions principales. L’analyse cumulée de la surface de contact sédiment/roche, des failles et de la localisation du champ de dispersion des tektites indique que le bolide d’environ 0,8 à 1 km de diamètre responsable du cratère est arrivé du NE. Les résultats démontrent que les panneaux de résistivité électrique fournissent des informations utiles pour l’étude des cratères d’impact. / Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and geological field surveys have been used to map the sediment/bedrock contact and impact related structures of the 1.07 Myr old Bosumtwi impact crater. The 10.5 km complex crater excavated in 2.1–2.2 Gyr Precambrian metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks is filled by the 8.5 km Lake Bosumtwi. It is the source crater of the tektites and microtektites of the Ivory Coast strewn field. Electrical resistivity survey was carried out sixteen (16) profiles running from the shore of the lake towards the rim of the crater. The multi-electrode gradient array method with minimum electrode separation of 5 m was used. The data were corrected for topography and inverted using the L1–norm (robust inversion) techniqueof the Res2DInv software. The area extending from the lake shore towards the crater rim contains essentially three formations. The low resistivity regions (< 64 .m) represent the lake sediments. The moderately high resistivity regions with values between 128 and 200 .m were interpreted as impact related breccias (dikes, allochthonous or parautochthonous) depending on their geometries. Lastly, the model clearly differentiate the resistive basement metamorphic rocks (> 128 .m) fromthe lake sediments and the breccias due to their geometry and lateral extent. Also observed was a direct correspondence between the lithology on the surface and the subsurface resistivity structures at Dwamam in the southeast section of the lake. At Dwamam, the sediments were about 200 m away from the shore and stretch about 400 m towards the crater rim unlike in other areas where the sediments were mapped from the shore. The gradient of the sediments/bedrock contact showsa symmetry in the NE–SW direction and dips between the lowest of 16 degrees in the NE to the highest 36 degrees in the SW. Majority of the fractures marked were in the southwest and were filled with clasts or impact breccia matrix. The faults were mostly delineated in the west. Averagely, the dips of the faults are about 60 degrees and 80 degrees for the east and west sections of the crater respectively. The dips of the faults were statistically treated using the von Mises and Fisher statistics, it was found that the faults have a preferred direction and it is possible to determine at least two different orientations. Theanalysis of the results of the sediments/bedrock surface and the faults combined with the location of the tektite strewn field indicate that the about 0.8–1 km bolide that created the complex crater came from the NE. The findings have shown that the ERT is efficient and a useful tool in impact cratering science research.