Mesozoic tectonic inversion in the Neuquen Basin of west-central Argentina produced two main fault systems: (1) deep faults that affected basement and syn-rift strata where preexisting faults were selectively reactivated during inversion based on their length and (2) shallow faults that affected post-rift and syn-inversion strata. Normal faults formed at high angle to the reactivated half-graben bounding fault as a result of hangingwall expansion and internal deformation as it accommodated to the shape of the curved footwall during oblique inversion. Contraction during inversion was initially accommodated by folding and internal deformation of syn-rift sedimentary wedges, followed by displacement along half-graben bounding faults. We suspect that late during inversion the weight of the overburden inhibited additional fault displacement and folding became the shortening-accommodating mechanism. A Middle Jurassic inversion event produced synchronous uplift of inversion structures across the central Neuquen Basin. Later inversion events (during Late Jurassic, Early Cretaceous, and Late Cretaceous time) produced an "inversion front" that advanced north of the Huincul Arch. Synchroneity of fault reactivation during the Callovian inversion event may be related to efficient stress transmission north of the Huincul Arch, probably due to easy reactivation of low-dip listric fault segments. This required little strain accumulation along "proximal" inversion structures before shortening was transferred to more distal structures. Later inversion events found harderto- reactivate fault segments, resulting in proximal structures undergoing significant inversion before transferring shortening. The time between the end of rifting and the different inversion events may have affected inversion. Lithosphere was probably thermally weakened at the onset of the initial Callovian inversion phase, allowing stress transmission over a large distance from the Huincul Arch and causing synchronous inversion across the basin. Later inversion affected a colder and more viscous lithosphere. Significant strain needed to accumulate along proximal inversion structures before shortening was transferred to more distal parts of the basin. Timing of inversion events along the central Neuquen Basin suggest a megaregional control by right-lateral displacement motion along the Gastre Fault Zone, an intracontinental megashear zone thought to have been active prior to and during the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean.

Dissertationen--Fachbereich 12 - Vermessungswesen--Darmstadt--Technischen Hochschule, 1997. / Résumé en allemand. Bibliogr. p. 140-145.

Formation testing is a critical component of modern petrophysical analysis for determining pore pressure, pressure gradients, and reservoir connectivity, and for estimating static and dynamic formation properties. However, petrophysicists tend to avoid the analysis of transient formation-tester measurements because of the physical and mathematical complexities involved, including time-consuming numerical simulations, rock heterogeneity, anisotropy, presence of mud-filtrate invasion, and saturation-dependent properties. Additional technical challenges arise when modeling formation-tester measurements in heterogeneous reservoirs penetrated by high-angle wells. A new method is developed in this dissertation to efficiently simulate formation-tester measurements acquired in heterogeneous reservoirs penetrated by vertical and deviated wells. The method is based on tracing flow streamlines from the reservoir into the formation tester’s probe. Before tracing streamlines, an initial reservoir condition is imposed due to the pressure-saturation field resulting from mud-filtrate invasion. Subsequently, the spatial distribution of pressure is calculated via finite differences to account for the negative flow-rate source originating from the tester’s probe. Streamlines are retraced at various time intervals upon updating the pressure distribution resulting from dynamic fluid flow toward the source. The streamline-based simulation method is efficient and flexible in accounting for various probe configurations, including dual packers and point focused-sampling probes. Streamlines are also used to trace reservoir fluid and contamination into sample probes. In addition, graphical rendering of streamlines permits rapid assessment of flow regimes as a function of time. Simulation results obtained with finite-difference and streamline methods agree well, although the streamline-based method is computationally more efficient. However, the streamline method is not well suited for complicated fluid displacement, such as that arising in the presence of highly compressible flow, strong capillary-pressure effects, and variable phase behavior. Furthermore, criteria for enforcing pressure updates with finite differences raise additional difficulties in accurately modeling formation-tester measurements. Despite these limitations, forward simulation results indicate that both faster computation time and reduced computer-memory requirements resulting from use of the streamline-based method are ideal for inversion of formation-tester measurements used in estimating static and dynamic petrophysical properties. Synthetic and field examples of streamline-based inversion are considered to estimate petrophysical properties from transient data acquired with packer and probe-type formation testers. The method is applied to measurements acquired in two offshore field reservoirs penetrated by vertical and deviated wells to estimate permeability, anisotropy, and relative permeability. In the documented examples, each streamline-based simulation used to calculate the Jacobian matrix is up to 8.7 times faster than that obtained by using the finite-difference method. Inversion results also indicate that streamline trajectories are valuable in ascertaining the sensitivity of estimated formation properties in the presence of variable pressure/fluid sampling locations, variable wellbore orientations with respect to formation bedding, and reservoir heterogeneity in deviated and horizontal well models. / text

The thesis of this study describes a synthesis way to produce an alkyne equipped clickable precursor of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) with a beta-configuration. This FDG-derivate is produced with a clickable link in purpose to be used in PET in vivo imaging. The product was synthesized by acetylation protection and further epoxidation on the glucose analog D-Glucal. Glycosylation occurred by electrophilic reaction of propargyl alcohol and configuration of the product was ensured during Lattrell-Dax inversion.

Observers can retrieve the facing direction of a walker from point-light displays that are devoid of structure-from-motion information and retain solely local motion signals. This ability is orientation-dependent and relies on the motions representing the feet of the agent. The experiments described here were designed to investigate visual sensitivity to local cues contained in biological motion. Initial experiments revealed that local biological motion carries information about animacy in addition to the agent’s facing direction in an orientation-dependent manner (Chapter 2). The mechanism underlying the perception of local biological motion can be dissociated from that underlying the retrieval of global structure-from-motion information according to characteristics such as sensitivity to learning and noise (Chapter 3). Further experiments revealed that the orientation-dependency for perceiving local biological motion is carried by vertical acceleration in the foot’s motion (Chapter 4). The importance of acceleration for biological motion perception raises the need to achieve a better understanding of acceleration sensitivity across various parameters such as stimulus size. To this end, Chapter 5 showed that acceleration thresholds for perceiving a linearly accelerating stimulus scale according to mean velocity as predicted by size invariance and are inversely proportional to stimulus duration. An important role for acceleration for the perception of biological motion was further corroborated by findings in an evolutionarily guided psychophysical search for the adequate local motion, defined as one that carries maximal directional information and a large inversion effect (Chapter 6). Finally, although orientation-dependency is a pervasively demonstrated characteristic of biological motion perception, the reference systems in which the stimuli are encoded are unclear. The experiments in Chapter 7 revealed that both global structure and local motion aspects of biological motion, like faces, are primarily coded in an egocentric frame of reference. Unlike faces however, there is an additional contribution of non-visual information about gravity for the perception of biological motion. These findings are finally discussed in the context of emerging behavioural, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological work that further characterize a local motion mechanism that is proposed to serve as a fundamental first stage towards interpreting animate motion patterns. / Thesis (Ph.D, Neuroscience Studies) -- Queen's University, 2010-07-21 08:34:58.564

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In this thesis, four inversion problems of different scale and difficulty are solved. Two of them are electromagnetic inverse problems. Two more are joint inversion problems of potential field data and other types of data. First, a linear approximation, which is a generalization of the low-induction-number approximation standard in slingram dual-loop interpretation is developed and used for rapid two and three dimensional inversion. The approximation takes induction within a background half-space into account and can thus be applied in conductive scenarios, where otherwise a rigorous electromagnetic modeling would be required. Second, a three-dimensional inversion of airborne tensor very-low-frequency data with a rigorous forward modeling at its core is developed. For dealing with the large scale of the forward problem, a nested fast-Fourier-transform-based integral equation method is introduced, wherein electromagnetic interactions are arranged according to their range and larger ranges are treated with less accuracy and effort. The inversion improves the traditional interpretation through data derived maps by providing a conductivity model, thus constraining the upper few hundred meters of the crust down to the shallowest conductor and allowing the study of its top in three dimensions. The third inversion problem is the the joint inversion of refraction and geoelectric data. By requiring the velocity and resistivity models to share a common, laterally variable layered geometry, easily interpretable models, which are reasonable in many geological near surface situations (e.g., groundwater exploration in Quaternary sediments), are produced directly from the joint inversion. Finally, a joint inversion of large scale potential field data from a gabbro intrusion is presented. Gravity and magnetic data are required to abide to a petrophysical constraint, which is derived from extensive field sampling. The impact of the constraint is maximized under the provision that both data sets are explained equally well as they would be through individual inversions. This leads to a simple and clearly defined intrusion geometry, consistent for both the density and magnetic susceptibility distribution. In all presented inversion problems, field data sets are successfully inverted, the results are appraised through synthetic tests and, if available, through comparison with independent data. / Diese Arbeit hat die Lösung von vier geophysikalischen Umkehraufgaben, sogenannten Inversionsproblemen, zum Gegenstand. Zwei dieser Aufgaben befassen sich mit der Inversion elektromagnetischer Daten, zwei weitere sind Probleme der kombinierten Inversion von Datensätzen aus unterschiedlichen geophysikalischen Messverfahren. Im ersten Problem wird die für die Auswertung elektromagnetischer Zweispulensystemdaten typische lineare Näherung der kleinen Induktionszahlen als Bornsche Näherung verallgemeinert, ihre Anwendbarkeit durch exakte Berücksichtigung der Induktionsvorgänge in einem beliebigen homogenen Halbraum von schlechtleitenden auf gutleitende Untergründe ausgedehnt und schließlich zur zwei- und dreidimensionalen Inversion eingesetzt. Dadurch kann auch im leitfähigen Untergrund eine aufwändige exakte Modellierung vermieden werden. Im zweiten Problem wird eine dreidimensionale Inversion von flugzeuggestützten Längstwellenmessungen entwickelt und als ihre Grundlage eine exakte elektromagnetische Rechnung erdacht. Damit wird traditionelle kartengestützte Dateninterpretation durch ein dreidimensionales Leitfähigkeitsmodell ergänzt, welches die oberen hundert bis dreihundert Meter der Erdkruste bis hin zur Tiefe des obersten Leiters abbildet, so dass dessen Oberflächenform erkundet werden kann. Die enorme Problemgröße wird durch eine Fouriertransformationsmethode bewältigt, welche die elektromagnetischen Wechselwirkungen nach ihrer Reichweite einteilt, die Fernwirkungen mit entsprechend verringerter Genauigkeit behandelt und dadurch eine erhebliche Anzahl an Rechnungen einspart. Im dritten Problem werden refraktionsseismische und geoelektrische Messungen kombiniert, indem sowohl das Geschwindigkeits- als auch das Widerstandsmodell mit einer gemeinsamen, lateral veränderlichen und durch beide Datensätze bestimmten Schichtstruktur versehen werden. Ein solches, durch Schichten definiertes Inversionsergebnis, stellt in vielen oberflächennahen Anwendungen, beispielsweise im Grundwasserbereich, ein sinnvolles Abbild der Erde dar. Im vierten Problem werden Schweremessungen und Magnetfeldmessungen, die über einer Gabbrointrusion aufgenommen wurden, mittels einer empirischen petrophysikalischen Beziehung vereinigt, welche aus Labormessungen an einer großen Anzahl von Gesteinsproben abgeleitet wurde. Hierbei wird der Einfluss dieser Modellkopplung solange maximiert, wie beide Datensätze mit derjenigen Genauigkeit angepasst werden können, welche vorher in Einzelinversionen erreicht wurde. Das Ergebnis ist ein einfaches, geometrisch konsistentes Modell der Verteilungen von Dichte und magnetischer Suszeptibilität. In allen vier Aufgaben wurden erfolgreich reale Felddaten invertiert. Die Güte der Ergebnisse wurde mittels synthetischer Experimente untersucht und, so vorhanden, mit unabhängigen Informationen verglichen.

This dissertation outlines work taken towards the understanding, implementation, and improvements to the process of creating of quantitative images of the bulk-electrical parameters of the interior of unknown objects via the use of electromagnetic scattering data. Improvements are considered to both theory and experiments using low-power radiation in the microwave frequency range, known as Microwave Tomography (MWT). A detailed derivation of the Multiplicative-Regularized Contrast-Source Inversion (MR-CSI) method is given, and we compare the performance of MR-CSI with the other leading inversion technique used in MWT: the Gauss Newton/Distorted Born Iterative Method. The inversion results of the two algorithms are very similar, and thus most of the differences between them are in the relative ease of implementation and computational resource use. We further introduce a new version of the CSI algorithm, based on the Finite-Difference method. Using this algorithm, we show that when accurate information about a scatterer is known before the inversion process, this information is best utilized as an artificial computational background, as opposed to an initial guess of the scatterer. The MWT problem is also formulated inside of a conductive enclosure, which significantly changes the physics, and resultant Green's function, of the MWT problem. The implications and possible advantages of this type of MWT are discussed, and synthetic inversion results for a circular enclosed system are presented. These results show that the enclosure is capable of improving the inversion in some regions, although more research is required to realize the full potential of conductive-enclosure MWT. In the final section, experimental results from both open-region and conductor-enclosed type MWT systems developed at the University of Manitoba are shown. For the open-region system, we show that antenna coupling is a major factor affecting the data collection, and provide a simple method for avoiding the frequencies where this coupling is too strong to prevent effective imaging. For the conductor-enclosed type system, we have found the system to be extremely sensitive to presence of antennas in the chamber, and show that effective MWT imaging is possible in this type of system by taking the antenna elements into account in the inverse solver.

This dissertation outlines work taken towards the understanding, implementation, and improvements to the process of creating of quantitative images of the bulk-electrical parameters of the interior of unknown objects via the use of electromagnetic scattering data. Improvements are considered to both theory and experiments using low-power radiation in the microwave frequency range, known as Microwave Tomography (MWT). A detailed derivation of the Multiplicative-Regularized Contrast-Source Inversion (MR-CSI) method is given, and we compare the performance of MR-CSI with the other leading inversion technique used in MWT: the Gauss Newton/Distorted Born Iterative Method. The inversion results of the two algorithms are very similar, and thus most of the differences between them are in the relative ease of implementation and computational resource use. We further introduce a new version of the CSI algorithm, based on the Finite-Difference method. Using this algorithm, we show that when accurate information about a scatterer is known before the inversion process, this information is best utilized as an artificial computational background, as opposed to an initial guess of the scatterer. The MWT problem is also formulated inside of a conductive enclosure, which significantly changes the physics, and resultant Green's function, of the MWT problem. The implications and possible advantages of this type of MWT are discussed, and synthetic inversion results for a circular enclosed system are presented. These results show that the enclosure is capable of improving the inversion in some regions, although more research is required to realize the full potential of conductive-enclosure MWT. In the final section, experimental results from both open-region and conductor-enclosed type MWT systems developed at the University of Manitoba are shown. For the open-region system, we show that antenna coupling is a major factor affecting the data collection, and provide a simple method for avoiding the frequencies where this coupling is too strong to prevent effective imaging. For the conductor-enclosed type system, we have found the system to be extremely sensitive to presence of antennas in the chamber, and show that effective MWT imaging is possible in this type of system by taking the antenna elements into account in the inverse solver.

Th. univ.--Géol.--Rennes 1, 1995. / Bibliogr. p. 175-177. Résumé en français et en anglais.