Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Nessa tese serão apresentadas medidas de anisotropia azimutal elíptica de elétrons de decaimentos de quarks pesados feitas no perimento de colisão de íons pesados ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment, em inglês). As medidas foram obtidas em colisões de Pb-Pb com energia de centro de massa por par de nucleons (psNN) igual a 2.76 TeV com o colisor de hadrons LHC (Large Hadron Collider, em inglês). Colisões ultrarelativísticas de íons pesados podem alcançar temperaturas e/ou densidades de energia suficientemente altas para formar o Plasma de Quarks e Gluons (QGP, na sigla em inglês), o estado da matéria onde os partons estão desconfinados dos hadrons. O parâmetro de anisotropia azimutal elíptica é um dos observáveis mais importantes utilizados no estudo da formação do QGP. Esse parâmetro é quantificado pelo segundo harmônico, denominado v2, da distribuição do ângulo azimutal das partículas em relação ao ângulo do plano de reação, o qual é definido pela direção do parâmetro de impacto e pela direção do feixe de partículas. Medidas de anisotropia azimutal elíptica de quarks pesados (charm e beauty) são interessantes, pois os quarks pesados são sondas sensíveis às propriedades do QGP, visto que eles são predominantemente produzidos em processos iniciais de espalhamento duro e interagem com o meio desconfinado. Medidas de v2 de elétrons de decaimentos de quarks pesados em baixos valores de momento transversal indicam movimento coletivo de quarks pesados e possível termalização no QGP. Por outro lado, medidas de v2 de elétrons de decaimentos de quarks pesados em altos valores de momento transversal são interpretadas como uma dependência da geometria do meio por onde os quarks pesados atravessam e perdem energia. Serão mostrados resultados de v2 de elétrons de decaimentos de quarks pesados em função do momento transversal em colisões de Pb-Pb a psNN = 2.76 TeV em eventos com centralidades 20-40% e 30-50%. O resultado é comparado com previsões teóricas e medida obtida em colisões de Au-Au a psNN = 0.2 TeV no experimento RHIC. Resultados preliminares de v2 de elétrons de decaimentos de charm e beauty, separadamente, também serão mostrados em colisões de Pb-Pb a psNN = 2.76 TeV em eventos com centralidade 30-50%. / This thesis presents measurements of the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy of electrons from heavy-flavour decays with the A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE). The measurement is performed for the first time in Pb-Pb collisions at center-of-mass energy per colliding nucleon pair psNN = 2.76 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In heavy-ion collisions at ultrarelativistic energies sufficiently high temperature and/or energy density can be achieved to form the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), the state of matter predicted by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) in which quarks and gluons are deconfined from hadrons. One of the most important probes of the QGP formation is the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy, which is quantified by the second harmonic v2 of the particle azimuthal angle distribution with respect to the angle of the reaction plane, which is defined by the impact parameter direction and the beam direction. In addition, heavy quarks (charm and beauty) serve as a sensitive probe of the QGP properties since they are predominantly produced in initial hard scattering processes and interact with the deconfined medium. The transverse momentum dependence of the heavy-flavour decay electron v2 can be used to investigate the QGP properties. The measurement of v2 of electrons from heavy-flavour decays at low transverse momentum provides a way to test whether heavy quarks take part in the collective motion in the medium. Whereas, v2 of electrons from heavy-flavour decays at high transverse momentum is interpreted as a path length dependence of heavy-quark energy loss within the created dense medium. Results of the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy of electrons from heavy-flavour decays as a function of tranverse momentum obtained in 20-40% and 30-50% central Pb-Pb collisions at psNN = 2.76 TeV will be shown. The measurement is compared with theoretical predictions and previous measurement at the RHIC experiment. Preliminary measurements of the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy of electrons from charm and beauty as a function of tranverse momentum in 30-50% central Pb-Pb collisions at psNN = 2.76 TeV will be shown as well.

Neste trabalho são reportadas medidas realizadas no detector PHENIX do RHIC sobre J/Psi em colisões p+p e Au+Au a s^(1/2) = 200 GeV na região de rapidez central e Psi\' em colisões p+p nas mesmas condições. As medidas incluem a dependência com o momento transverso da produção de charmônio e o fator de modificação nuclear de J/Psis para vários regimes de centralidade de colisão. / This work reports measurements done by the PHENIX detector at RHIC about J/Psi in p+p and Au+Au collisions at s^(1/2) = 200 GeV in the mid-rapidity range and Psi\' in p+p collisions in the same conditions. The measurements include the transverse momentum dependence of charmonium production and J/Psi nuclear modification factor in different centrality regimes.

O advento dos colisores modernos tem proporcionado novas possibilidades de estudo em física de partículas como, por exemplo, a busca por nova física e o estudo de novos estados da matéria hadrônica. Em particular, em colisões de íons pesados em altas energias, acredita-se que um novo estado da matéria seja formado antes da colisão, o chamado condensado de vidros de cor. Tal estado seria a condição inicial de um plasma de quarks e glúons e é caracterizado por altas densidades de pártons (quarks e glúons). De fato, as equações de evolução da Cromodinâmica Quântica predizem que, para virtualidades moderadas e altas energias, os hádrons se tornam sistemas extremamente densos devido ao crescimento das distribuições de glúons nessas condições. Um crescimento indefinido das distribuições de glúons poderia levar à violação do vínculo de unitariedade. Para evitar essa violação, existe um mecanismo chamado de saturação de pártons o qual contém o crescimento das distribuições de quarks e glúons de forma a respeitar o vínculo de unitariedade. Teoricamente, no limite de altas energias, observa-se que os hádrons são populados especialmente por glúons. Experimentalmente, existem indícios da saturação em colisões ep, pp, pA e AA, contudo, isso ainda é uma questão em aberto. Portanto, no limite de altas densidades, espera- se que a física não linear, a qual leva em conta efeitos de recombinações de glúon, passe a se manifestar. Uma alternativa para o estudo da saturação em colisores hadrônicos são os processos foto-induzidos, os quais ocorrem em interações ultraperiféricas. Em uma colisão ultraperiférica entre dois hádrons, o parâmetro de impacto é maior do que a soma dos raios dos hádrons, de forma que interações fortes são suprimidas. Dessa forma os hádrons atuam como fontes de fótons (quase reais) podendo ocorrer interações fóton-hádron e fóton-fóton. Nesse trabalho estudamos a fotoprodução difrativa de mésons vetoriais em energias do LHC para colisões ultraperiféricas próton-próton, próton-núcleo e núcleo-núcleo e a produção dupla de mésons vetoriais em colisões fóton-fóton e devido ao mecanismo de duplo espalhamento fóton-p(A). Mostramos como esses processos podem ser usados para estudar a física de altas energias e os efeitos de saturação. Os efeitos de saturação em nossos cálculos são levados em conta através do formalismo de dipolo de cor, que é uma das ferramentas básicas usadas nessa tese. O tratamento de colisões ultraperiféricas hádron-hádron foi feito com a aproximação de fótons equivalentes que assim como o formalismo de dipolo, foi extensamente usada. Nossos resultados apontam que o estudo fenomenológico e experimental dos tipos de processos citados acima são factíveis e podem ser usados para vincular a dinâmica da QCD em altas energias. / The advent of the modern colliders has provided new possibilities of study in particle physics as, for example, the search for new physics and the study of new states of the hadronic matter. In particular, in high energy heavy ion collisions is expected that a new state can be formed before the collision, the so called Color Glass Condensate. This state would be the initial condition of the Quark Gluon Plasma and is characterized by high parton (quarks and gluons) densities. Indeed, the Quantum Chromodynamics evolution equations predict that, for moderate virtualities and high energies, the hadrons become extremely dense systems due to the growth of the parton distribution in these conditions. An indefinite growth of the parton distributions could lead to the violation of the unitarity bound. To avoid this violation, there is a mechanism called parton saturation which tames the growth of the parton distributions to satisfy the unitarity bound. Theoretically, in the high energy limit, one can see that the hadrons are populated mainly by gluons. Experimentally, there are indications of the saturation in ep, pp, pA and AA collisions, however, this is an open question. So, in the high density limit, we expect that the nonlinear physics, which takes into account gluon recombination effects start to manifest itself. An alternative for the study of the saturation at hadronic colliders are the photon-induced processes, which occurs in ultra-peripheral collisions. In a ultra-peripheral collision between two hadrons the impact parameter is greater than the sum of the radii of the hadrons, so the strong interaction is suppressed. Thus, the hadrons act as sources of (almost real) photons and may occur photon-hadron and photon-photon interactions. In this work we study the diffractive photoproduction of vector mesons at LHC and future colliders energies in ultra-peripheral proton-proton, proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions and the double vector meson production in photon-photon collisions and due to the double photon-p(A) scattering mechanism. We show how these processes can be used to study the high energy physics and the saturation effects. These effects are considered in our calculations through the color dipole formalism, which is one of the basic tools used in this thesis. The treatment of the ultra-peripheral hadron-hadron collisions was done through the equivalent photon approximation that just as in the dipole formalism, was widely used. Our results point that the phenomenological and experimental studies of the processes cited above are feasible and can be used to constraint the QCD dynamics in high energies.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23002号 / 理博第4679号 / 新制||理||1671(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 大西 明, 准教授 菅沼 秀夫, 教授 田中 貴浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Title: Study of transverse flow of kaons in Au + Au collisions at 1.23A GeV Author: Lukáš Chlad Abstract: The production and propagation of strange hadrons at the threshold energy are important probes of the in-medium hadron's properties and stiffness of the equation of state of nuclear matter. In this thesis, the transverse kaon flow at Au + Au collisions with kinetic beam energy 1.23A GeV measured with the HADES spectrometer is discussed. The motivation for such an analysis and the theoretical introduction are described first, followed by the characterization of the the individual parts of HADES spectrometer. The procedure to identify detected particles from the measured signals is introduced. Finally, the flow analysis and its results are presented. The differential directed and elliptic flow of kaons in measured gold on gold collisions is compared with published data and with kinetic transport model predictions. Keywords: relativistic heavy-ion collisions, transverse flow, kaon flow 1

Highly energetic jets are considered to be a direct probe of hot and dense QCD medium created in heavy ion collisions. Jet measurements performed both at the LHC and RHIC indicate a presence of the jet quenching phenomenon. This thesis summarizes ATLAS jet heavy ion measurements and it reports the first exploratory study of properties of the multi-jet production in heavy ion collisions presented in terms of yield of neighbouring jets. The work is expected to shed a light on the process of the parton energy loss. The measurement is performed using the Pb+Pb collision data collected by ATLAS detector during the 2011 LHC runs at the nucleon-nucleon center of mass energy of 2.76 TeV. 1

In this thesis a production of J/ψ meson in pp and heavy-ion collisions was investigated. A comparison between Monte Carlo generator and data by ATLAS experiment at CERN was done. PYTHIA version 8.2 was chosen for the Monte Carlo generator. In the first part, comparisons of several configurations of PYTHIA were used to establish the best matching of the Monte Carlo to the data using collisions with centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. Choice of parton distribution functions was found not to be important, while presence or absence of initial and final state radiation were proven to have an important impact on the result. In the second part, correlation of J/ψ meson and the jet production was quantified. Anti-kt algorithm with R = 0.4 was used to reconstruct jets. Pairs of muons were used to identify J/ψ meson candidates. Only less than 10% of J/ψ mesons were found to be associated with jets. 1

Les collisions d’ions lourds à haute énergieproduisentunnouvelétatdelamatièreappelé le plasma de quarks et de gluons. Un parton traversant le plasma perds de l’énergie, en atténuant les gerbeshadroniques:c’estl’effetde"jetquenching". La dépendance du jet quenching dans la saveur du parton fournit des contraintes sur les modèles de perte d’énergie. Le déséquilibre d’une paire de jets issus de quarks b est une observable appropriée pour étudier ce phénomène. Cette thèse présente lamesure du déséquilibre en impulsion transverse des jets de b et des jets inclusifs (non-identifiés), dans des collisions PbPb a √sNN = 5.02 TeV, réalisée avecledétecteurCMSauLHCpouruneluminosité intégrée de 404 µb−1. Aucune différence n’est observée dans le jet quenching entre les jets issus de partons légers et lourds. Une analyse des résultats à l’aide d’un modèle simple de perte d’énergie est présentée. / The collisions of heavy ions at high energy produce the new state of matter called the quark gluon plasma. A parton traversing the plasma loses its energy which results in the jet quenching phenomenon. The dependence of the jet quenchingonthepartonflavorprovidesconstraints the models describing energy loss. The imbalance of b-jets is a very suitable observable to study this phenomena. This dissertation presents the measurement of the transverse momentum imbalance of b-jets and inclusive (non-identified) jets in PbPb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV which is performed with the CMS detector at the LHC with total integral luminosity of 404 µb−1. No significant difference in jet quenching between light and heavy flavor jets is observed. The interpretation of results with a simple model of energy loss is performed.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20173号 / 理博第4258号 / 新制||理||1612(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 大西 明, 教授 國廣 悌二, 教授 川合 光 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM