In conventional radiotherapy for tumor treatment, photons are used to impart an energetic dose inside a tumor with the goal of killing the cancerous cells. This process is intrinsically inefficient due to the fact that photons lose their energy exponentially with depth causing the highest dose to occur in overlying healthy tissue. However, charged particles with a mass of 1 amu or greater lose their energy in a manner that allows for a high dose to be localized at significant depth. The area of high dose localization is known as the Bragg Peak. Exploitation of the Bragg Peak could lead to more efficient non-invasive treatment plans by reducing the dose in healthy tissues. Using the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport System (PHITS), the dose and fragmentation particles from ions of 1H, 4He, 7Li, 12C, 16O, and 20Ne were found at varying depths in a water phantom. A water filled cylindrical phantom with a radius of 10 cm was used to mimic a human body. The energy of each ion was selected so that the Bragg Peak would occur approximately 10 cm into the depth of the water phantom where a 1 cm radius water sphere was placed to simulate a solid tumor. Dose equivalent localization rates within the tumor were found to be 14.5, 36.5, 45.7, 49.5, 41.3, and 34.1 percent for 1H, 4He, 7Li, 12C, 16O, and 20Ne, respectively. The percentage of dose within the tumor increased with increasing atomic number up to 12C, decreasing thereafter. The total dose distal from the tumor ranged from 0.1, 0.9, 2.8, 0.9, 0.5, and 0.6 percent for the ions ordered by their masses. Complementing its high dose in the tumor, carbon was seen to experience the lowest amount of dose escaping due to fragmentation and scattering, on a dose normalized basis.

Ion traps can easily be miniaturized to become portable mass spectrometers. Trapped ions can be ejected by adjusting voltage settings of the radiofrequency (RF) signal applied to the electrodes. Several ion trap designs include the quadrupole ion trap (QIT), cylindrical ion trap (CIT), linear ion trap (LIT), rectilinear ion trap (RIT), toroidal ion trap, and cylindrical toroidal ion trap. Although toroidal ion traps are being used more widely in miniaturized mass spectrometers, there is a lack of fundamental understanding of how the toroidal electric field affects ion motion, and therefore, the ion trap's performance as a mass analyzer. Simulation programs can be used to discover how traps with toroidal geometry can be optimized. Potential mapping, field calculations, and simulations of ion motion were used to compare three types of toroidal ion traps: a symmetric and an asymmetric trap made using hyperbolic electrodes, and a simplified trap made using cylindrical electrodes. Toroidal harmonics, which represent solutions to the Laplace equation in a toroidal coordinate system, may be useful to understand toroidal ion traps. Ion trapping and ion motion simulations were performed in a time-varying electric potential representing the symmetric, second-order toroidal harmonic of the second kind—the solution most analogous to the conventional, Cartesian quadrupole. This potential distribution, which we call the toroidal quadrupole, demonstrated non-ideal features in the stability diagram of the toroidal quadrupole which were similar to that for conventional ion traps with higher-order field contributions. To eliminate or reduce these non-ideal features, other solutions to the Laplace equation can be added to the toroidal quadrupole, namely the toroidal dipole, toroidal hexapole, toroidal octopole, and toroidal decapole. The addition of a toroidal hexapole component to the toroidal quadrupole provides improvement in ion trapping, and is expected to play an important role in optimizing the performance of all types of toroidal ion trap mass spectrometers.The cylindrical toroidal ion trap has been miniaturized for a portable mass spectrometer. The first miniaturized version (r0 and z0 reduced by 1/3) used the same central electrode and alignment sleeve as the original design, but it had too high of capacitance for the desired RF frequency. The second miniaturized version (R, r0, and z0 reduced by 1/3) was designed with much less capacitance, but several issues including electrode alignment and sample pressure control caused the mass spectra to have poor resolution. The third miniaturized design used a different alignment method, and its efficiency still needs to be improved.