Parametric instability processes are thought to produce Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissions (SEE) during ionospheric heating experiments. The phenomenon is primarily attributed to plasma turbulence excited by the high frequency HF heater in the altitude region where the pump frequency <i>ω</i>₀ is near the plasma upper hybrid frequency <i>ω_uh</i>. In this study, parametric instability processes thought to produce SEE are studied using theoretical and electrostatic Particle-In-Cell PIC simulation models. The simulation plasma is driven with a uniform oscillating electric field directed nearly perpendicular to the background geomagnetic field {B} to consider interactions when <i>ω_uh</i> is near electron cyclotron harmonics <i>nΩ_ce</i>. The pump frequency and amplitude are varied to consider the effects on the simulation electric field power spectrum. In this study, theoretical predictions and numerical simulations are used to study the three-wave decay instability process thought to be responsible for the generation of the down-shifted sidebands, the downshifted peak DP and the downshifted maximum DM. In particular, the lower hybrid decay instability LHDI and the ion cyclotron decay instability ICDI are studied in detail. The theory is used to provide the angular regime, with respect to the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field, at which the sidebands develop as well as the frequency and wavenumber regimes of both the LHDI and the ICDI. The effect of the temperature ratio <i>T_e/T_i</i> for both instabilities is discussed. A comparison between the theoretical predictions, the simulation electric field power spectrum and the experimental observations are presented in this study. Time evolution of both the LHDI and the ICDI is also investigated. The theoretical predictions are also used to investigate the cascading of the LHDI and the ICDI. The spectra show consistencies with the experimental observations. A four-wave parametric decay instability process thought to be responsible for SEE broad up-shifted sideband spectral features is discussed as well. Many theoretical results are presented, in which the effect of stepping the heater frequency closer to the upper hybrid frequency on the angle of maximum growth <i>θ_max</i>, the growth rate γ and on both the frequency and wavenumber regimes of the four-wave process is investigated. The simulation electric field power spectrum showed a large amplitude up-shifted sideband and a much smaller amplitude down-shifted sideband, consistent with the experimental observations. Comparisons between the theoretical predictions, the simulation electric field power spectrum and the experimental observations are discussed in detail. The time evolution of the four-wave process is one important aspect that is also presented in this study. The development of density irregularities, cavities and particle heating is also analyzed and investigated in this study. / Ph. D.

Recently, experimental observations have shown that radar echoes from the irregularity<br />source region associated with mesospheric dusty space plasmas may be modulated by radio wave heating with ground-based ionospheric heating facilities. These experiments show great promise as a diagnostic for the associated dusty plasma in the Near-Earth Space Environment which is believed to have links to global change. This provides an alternative to more complicated and costly space-based observational approaches to investigating these layers. This dissertation seeks to develop new analytical and computational models to investigate fundamental physics of the associated dusty plasmas as well as utilize experimental observations during High Frequency HF ground-based heating experiments to develop practical techniques for diagnosing these dusty plasma layers.<br />The dependency of the backscattered signal strength (i.e. Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes PMSEs) after the turn-on and turn-off of the radio wave heating on the radar frequency is an unique phenomenon that can shed light on the unresolved issues associated with the basic physics of the natural charged mesospheric dust layer. The physical process after turn-on and turn-off of radio wave heating is explained by competing ambipolar diffusion and dust charging processes. The threshold radar frequency and dust parameters for the enhancement or suppression of radar echoes after radio wave heating turn-on are investigated for measured mesospheric plasma parameters. The effect of parameters such as the electron temperature enhancement during radiowave heating, dust density, dust charge polarity, ion-neutral collision frequency, electron density and dust radius<br />on the temporal evolution of electron irregularities associated with PMSE is investigated.<br />The possibility of observing the turn-on overshoot (enhancement of radar echoes after the<br />radiowave turn-on) in the high frequency HF radar band is discussed based on typical mesospheric<br />parameters. It has been shown that predicted enhancement of electron irregularity<br />amplitude after heater turn-on at HF band is the direct manifestation of the dust charging<br />process in the space. Therefore further active experiments of PMSEs should be pursued<br />at HF band to illuminate the fundamental charging physics in the space environment to<br />provide more insight on this unique medium. Preliminary observation results of HF PMSE<br />heating experiment with the new 7.9 MHz radar at the European Incoherent Scatter EISCAT<br />facility appear promising for the existence of PMSE turn-on overshoot. Therefore, future<br />experimental campaigns are planned to validate these predictions.<br />Computational results are used to make predictions for PMSE active modification experiments at 7.9, 56, 139, 224 and 930MHz corresponding to existing ionospheric heating facilities. Data from a 2009 very high frequency VHF (224 MHz) experiment at EISCAT<br />is compared with the computational model to obtain dust parameters in the PMSE. The<br />estimated dust parameters as a result of these comparison show very reasonable agreement to dust radius and density at PMSE altitudes measured during a recent rocket experiment providing validation to the computational model.<br /><br />The first comprehensive analytical model for the temporal evolution of PMSE after heater<br />turn-on is developed and compared to a more accurate computational model as a reference.<br />It is shown that active PMSE heating experiments involving multiple observing frequencies<br />at 7.9 (HF), 56, and 224 MHz (VHF) may contribute further diagnostic capabilities since<br />the temporal evolution of radar echoes is substantially different for these frequency ranges.<br />It is shown that conducting PMSE active experiments at HF and VHF band simultaneously<br />may allow estimation of the dust density altitude profile, dust charge state variation during<br />the heating cycle, and ratio of electron temperature enhancement in the irregularity source<br />region. These theoretical and computational models are extended to study basic physics of the evolution of relevant dusty plasma instabilities thought to play an important role in irregularity production in mesospheric dust layers. A key focus is the boundary layer of these charged dust clouds. Several aspects of the cloud\'s structure (thickness of boundary layer, average particle size and density, collisional processes, and cloud expansion speed) and the ambient plasma are varied to determine the effect of these quantities on the resulting irregularities.<br />It was shown that for high collision frequencies, the waves may be very weakly excited (or<br />even quenched) and confined to the boundary layer. The excited dust acoustic waves inside<br />the dust cloud with frequency range of 7-15Hz and in the presence of electron bite-outs is<br />consistent with measured low frequency waves near 10 Hz by sounding rocket experiments<br />over the past decade. The observed radar echoes associated with the artificially created dust<br />clouds at higher altitudes in the ionosphere including space shuttle exhaust and upcoming<br />active space experiments in which localized dust layers will be created by sounding rockets<br />could be related to the excited acoustic waves predicted.<br />Finally, variation of spatial structures of plasma and dust (ice) irregularities in the PMSE<br />source region in the presence of positively charged dust particles is investigated. The correlation and anti-correlation of fluctuations in the electron and ion densities in the background plasma are studied considering the presence of positive dust particle formation. Recent rocket payloads have studied the properties of aerosol particles within the ambient plasma environment in the polar mesopause region and measured the signature of the positively charged particles with number densities of (2000 cm"3) for particles of 0.5-1 nm in radius.<br />The measurement of significant numbers of positively charged aerosol particles is unexpected from the standard theory of aerosol charging in plasma. Nucleation on the cluster ions is one of the most probable hypotheses for the positive charge on the smallest particles. The utility being that it may provide a test for determining the presence of positive dust particles.<br />The results of the model described show good agreement with observed rocket data. As an<br />application, the model is also applied to investigate the electron irregularity behavior during<br />radiowave heating assuming the presence of positive dust particles. It is shown that the<br />positive dust produces important changes in the behavior during Polar Mesospheric Summer Echo PMSE heating experiments that can be described by the fluctuation correlation and anti-correlation properties.<br />The second part of this dissertation is dedicated to Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissions SEEs produced by interaction of high power electromagnetic waves in the ionosphere. Nearearth ionospheric plasma presets a neutral laboratory for investigation of nonlinear wave phenomena in plasma which can not be studied in the laboratory environment due to the effect of physical boundary conditions. This process has been of great interest due to the<br />important diagnostic possibilities involving ability to determine mass of constitutive ions in<br />the interaction region through measurements of various gyro-frequencies. Objectives include<br />the consideration of the variation of the spectral behavior under pump power, proximity to<br />the gyro-harmonic frequency, and beam angle. Also, the relationship between such spectral<br />features and electron acceleration and creation of plasma irregularities was an important<br />focus.<br />Secondary electromagnetic waves excited by high power electromagnetic waves transmitted<br />into the ionosphere, commonly know as Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissions SEEs,<br />produced through Magnetized Stimulated Brillouin Scatter MSBS are investigated. Data<br />from two recent research campaigns at the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program<br />facility HAARP is presented in this work. These experiments have provided additional<br />quantitative interpretation of the SEE spectrum produced by MSBS to yield diagnostic measurements of the electron temperature in the heated ionosphere. SEE spectral emission lines corresponding to ion acoustic IA and electrostatic ion cyclotron EIC modes were observed with a shift in frequency up to a few tens of Hz from radio waves transmitted near the third harmonic of the electron gyro-frequency 3fce. The threshold of each emission line has been measured by changing the pump wave amplitude. The experimental results aimed to show the threshold for transmitter power to excite IA waves propagating along the magnetic field lines as well as for EIC waves excited at oblique angles relative to the background magnetic field. A full wave solution has been used to estimate the amplitude of the electric field at the interaction altitude. The estimated growth rate using the theoretical model is compared with the threshold of MSBS lines in the experiment and possible diagnostic information for the background ionospheric plasmas is discussed. Simultaneous formation of artificial field aligned irregularities FAIs and suppression of the MSBS process is investigated. Recently, there has been significant interest in ion gyro-harmonic structuring the Stimulated Electromagnetic Emission SEE spectrum due to the potential for new diagnostic information available about the heated volume and ancillary processes such as creation of artificial ionization layers. These relatively recently discovered emission lines have almost exclusively been studied for second electron gyro-harmonic heating. The first extensive systematic investigations of the possibility of these spectral features for third electron gyro-harmonic heating are provided here. Discrete spectral features shifted from the transmit frequency ordered by harmonics of the ion gyro-frequency were observed for third electron gyro-harmonic heating for the first time at a recent campaign at a High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program Facility HAARP. These features were also closely correlated with a broader band feature at a larger frequency shift from the transmit frequency known as the Downshifted Peak DP. The power threshold of these spectral features was measured, as well as their behavior with heater<br />beam angle, and proximity of the transmit frequency to the third electron gyro-harmonic frequency. Comparisons were also made with similar spectral features observed during 2nd<br />electron gyro-harmonic heating during the same campaign. A theoretical model is provided<br />that interprets these spectral features as resulting from parametric decay instabilities in<br />which the pump field ultimately decays into high frequency upper hybrid/electron Bernstein<br />and low frequency neutralized ion Bernstein IB and/or obliquely propagating ion acoustic<br />waves at the upper hybrid interaction altitude. Coordinated optical and SEE observations<br />were carried out in order to provide a better understanding of electron acceleration and precipitation<br />processes. Optical emissions were observed associated with SEE gyro-harmonic<br />features for pump heating near the second electron gyro-harmonic during the campaign. The<br />observations affirm strong correlation between the gyro-structures and the airglow. / Ph. D.

Electromagnetic waves can be used to transmit information over long distances and are therefore often employed for communication purposes. The electromagnetic waves are reflected off material objects on their paths and interact with the medium through which they propagate. For instance, the plasma in the ionosphere can refract and even reflect radio waves propagating through it. By increasing the power of radio waves injected into the ionosphere, the waves start to modify the plasma, resulting in the generation of a wide range of nonlinear processes, including turbulence, in particular near the reflection region. By systematically varying the injected radio waves in terms of frequency, power, polarisation, duty cycle, inclination, etc. the ionosphere can be used as an outdoor laboratory for investigating fundamental properties of the near-Earth space environment as well as of plasma turbulence. In such ionospheric modification experiments, it has been discovered that the irradiation of the ionosphere by powerful radio waves leads to the formation of plasma density structures and to the emission of secondary electromagnetic radiation, a phenomenon known as stimulated electromagnetic emission. These processes are highly repeatable and have enabled systematic investigations of the nonlinear properties of the ionospheric plasma. In this thesis we investigate features of the plasma density structures and the secondary electromagnetic radiation. In a theoretical study we analyse a certain aspect of the formation of the plasma structures. The transient dynamics of the secondary radiation is investigated experimentally in a series of papers, focussing on the initial stage as well as on the decay. In one of the papers we use the transient dynamics of the secondary radiation to reveal the intimate relation between certain features of the radiation and structures of certain scales. Further, we present measurements of unprecedentedly strong secondary radiation, attributed to stimulated Brillouin scattering, and report measurements of the secondary radiation using a novel technique imposed on the transmitted radio waves.

<p>This thesis treats interaction between electromagnetic waves and localized plasma oscillations. Two specific physical systems are considered, namely artificially excited magnetic field-aligned irregularities (striations) and naturally excited lower hybrid solitary structures (LHSS). Striations are mainly density depletions of a few percent that are observed when a powerful electromagnetic wave, a pump wave, is launched into the ionosphere. The striations are formed by upper hybrid (UH) oscillations that are localized in the depletion where they are generated by the linear conversion of the pump field on the density gradients. However, the localization is not complete as the UH oscillation can convert to a propagating electromagnetic Z mode wave. This process, termed Z mode leakage, causes damping of the localized UH oscillation. The Z mode leakage is investigated and the theory predicts non-Lorentzian skewed shapes of the resonances for the emitted Z mode radiation. Further, the interaction between individual striations facilitated by the Z mode leakage is investigated. The LHSS are observed by spacecraft in the ionosphere and magnetosphere as localized waves in the lower hybrid (LH) frequency range that coincides with density cavities. The localized waves are immersed in non-localized wave activity. The excitation of localized waves with frequencies below LH frequency is modelled by scattering of electromagnetic magnetosonic (MS) waves off a preexisting density cavity. It is shown analytically that an incident MS wave with frequency less than the minimum LH frequency inside the cavity is focused to localized waves with left-handed rotating wave front. In addition, the theory is shown to be consistent with observations by the Freja satellite. For frequencies between the minimum LH frequency inside the cavity and the ambient LH frequency, the MS wave is instead mode converted and excites pressure driven LH oscillations. This process is studied in a simplified geometry.</p>

This thesis treats interaction between electromagnetic waves and localized plasma oscillations. Two specific physical systems are considered, namely artificially excited magnetic field-aligned irregularities (striations) and naturally excited lower hybrid solitary structures (LHSS). Striations are mainly density depletions of a few percent that are observed when a powerful electromagnetic wave, a pump wave, is launched into the ionosphere. The striations are formed by upper hybrid (UH) oscillations that are localized in the depletion where they are generated by the linear conversion of the pump field on the density gradients. However, the localization is not complete as the UH oscillation can convert to a propagating electromagnetic Z mode wave. This process, termed Z mode leakage, causes damping of the localized UH oscillation. The Z mode leakage is investigated and the theory predicts non-Lorentzian skewed shapes of the resonances for the emitted Z mode radiation. Further, the interaction between individual striations facilitated by the Z mode leakage is investigated. The LHSS are observed by spacecraft in the ionosphere and magnetosphere as localized waves in the lower hybrid (LH) frequency range that coincides with density cavities. The localized waves are immersed in non-localized wave activity. The excitation of localized waves with frequencies below LH frequency is modelled by scattering of electromagnetic magnetosonic (MS) waves off a preexisting density cavity. It is shown analytically that an incident MS wave with frequency less than the minimum LH frequency inside the cavity is focused to localized waves with left-handed rotating wave front. In addition, the theory is shown to be consistent with observations by the Freja satellite. For frequencies between the minimum LH frequency inside the cavity and the ambient LH frequency, the MS wave is instead mode converted and excites pressure driven LH oscillations. This process is studied in a simplified geometry.