The Master´s thesis „Traffic management in wireless networks“ discusses how to ensure Quality of Service in these networks. A term „traffic management“ is connected mainly with certain restrictions and prioritization of some services and traffics in network. The thesis contains an overview of the most used wireless technologies and describes the approach of these technologies to ensure QoS. Theoretical part of the thesis follows with the definition of general principles of traffic management in IP networks and provides an overview of network parameters used in evaluating the quality of different types of communications services. Practical part is focused on the most widely used wireless technology of standard 802.11 and also on implementation of remote administration system on a small SOHO routers. These systems allow the use of queueing disciplines to manage QoS. Designed and implemented HTB discipline is tested on a real traffic network model.

Ett projekt kopplat till SDN och skapande av utbildningsmaterial.

Antalet tillgängliga IPv4-adresser håller i dagsläget på att ta slut och det ärdärför nödvändigt att hitta en metod för att migrera nätverket till den nyastandarden, IPv6. En migrering kan kräva att de två IP-versionerna måsteanvändas i nätverket simultant, för att de system som är beroende av nätverketska vara tillgängliga. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka prestandani de olika migreringsteknikerna, samt att få fram vilka tekniker som är attföredra. Med hjälp av två scenarion, uppsatta i labbmiljö, testades migreringsteknikernasprestanda med verktyget Iperf. 6to4 och GRE testades iden ena miljön samt NAT64 och Teredo i den andra miljön. De nätverksegenskapersom analyserades var throughput, jitter samt packet loss. Resultatenvisade på att 6to4 och GRE är näst intill jämlika men att 6to4 haraningen bättre throughput än GRE. Större skillnad var det mellan NAT64och Teredo, där Teredo kunde uppmätas till en mycket högre hastighet medUDP-trafik än NAT64. När TCP användes var dock NAT64 något snabbareän Teredo. / The number of usable IPv4 addresses is in the current situation sufferingfrom exhaustion and it is therefore necessary to find a way to migrate thenetwork to the new standard, IPv6. A migration may require that the two IPversions must be run on the network simultaneously, to make sure that systemsthat are dependent on the network are running stable. The purpose ofthis study was to examine the performance of the different migration techniques,and find out which techniques are preferred. With the help of twoscenarios that were used in a test bed, a performance test was done usingthe Iperf tool. 6to4 and GRE were tested in one environment and NAT64and Teredo in the other environment. The network properties analyzed werethroughput, jitter and packet loss. The results showed that the 6to4 and GREare almost equally balanced but 6to4 has slightly better throughput thanGRE. A much more notable difference could be seen between NAT64 andTeredo, were Teredo was measured with a much higher transmission rate ofUDP traffic than NAT64. However, when TCP was used, NAT64 wasslightly faster than Teredo.

This work has been done as an assignment from CGI with the ambition to find an opensource program that provides both network monitoring and performance testing. Theprogram should be able to run on a portable server or other machine, to allow for datagathering of one network one day and of another network the next day. Due to the currentstate of society all work is done *remotely*, restricting tests to only be performed onsmaller private networks. Much time is put into research to find the programs that intheory would work for the purpose. It's quickly revealed that with open source as ademand, a single program is not an option, thus the search is expanded. Tests areperformed where the programs are graded by useability and functions that facilitateredeployment of the server between network sites. The results for network monitoring arethe programs OpenNMS Horizon and NetXMS, which both lived up to the demands. Theprogram chosen for performance testing is Flent, which among others combines Iperf andNetperf in its tests and presents the results in graphs.The limited time affected ouropportunities to test all the programs we came across and the current pandemic limitedour opportunities to test our chosen programs to a greater extent.The goal of finding onesolution was not accomplished and instead resulted in two separate pieces of software.These are found to accomplish their respective goals.

Markbyggarna AB är ett företag som huvudsakligen utför markarbete och maskintjänster. Företagets IT-system är formad för att stödja typiskt kontorsarbete. Projektet inriktades på att hjälpa företaget effektivisera det befintliga systemet och i större omfattning nyttja kostnadsfria alternativ som finns tillgängliga i dagens läge. Arbetet startade med definiering utav systemets avgörande aspekter. För hårdvarorna ställdes krav på CPUs, RAMs och hårddiskens belastning. För mjukvaror definierades funktioner som systemet bör innehava. För trådburen och trådlös nätverk definierades krav på internetanslutning. Efteråt samlades informationen om prestanda i det befintliga systemet med hjälpa av olika övervakningssystem, verktyg och intervjuer. PGRG tillämpades för hårdvarornas övervakning. För nätverksövervakning skapades ett eget övervakningssystem med stöd av de kommandobaserade verktygen Iperf, Speedtest-cli och verktyget Vistumbler. Övervakningsresultaten jämfördes med de önskade egenskaperna och skillnaden mellan dessa två utgjorde underlag för förändringsarbete även med beställarens önskemål i åtanke. Såldes gick den praktiska delen av projektet bland annat på att trådlös signal förstärktes genom installation av AP, introduktion av nya applikationer, en anslutning till företagets PC hemifrån samt skapades system för säkerhetskopiering. Även har en rad andra säkerhetsåtgärder vidtagits. För att kunna utvärdera det genomförda arbetet övervakades det trådlösa nätverket på nytt. Dessa förändringar har gjort att IT-systemet blivit säkrare, med bättre presterande nätverk. Flexibiliteten och funktionaliteten har också ökat. Totalt gick projektet på 1660 kr för inköp av hårda varor. Det gick att täcka de flesta av företagets behov med kostnadsfria mjuka varor.

This project aims to enhance the capabilities of the Host Identity Protocol version 2 (HIPv2) within the Mininet network emulator and PyHIP framework. The objectives include integrating HIPv2 into Mininet to facilitate testing of HIPv2 environments and optimizing PyHIP for real-world applications. Integration with Mininet involves running the HIP daemon within a virtual host environment and ensuring successful ping replies between HIP-enabled Mininet hosts. Optimization efforts focus on potentially changing cryptographic algorithms. These enhancements aim to improve the testing and practical usability of HIPv2 in network emulation. The tests conducted for this thesis involved only two hosts, which limits the comprehensiveness regarding scalability and performance in larger network setups. While the initial findings are promising, a more extensive evaluation with varied scenarios and additional hosts is critical to fully grasp the system's capabilities. Regarding performance of the unmodified version, tests reveal that TCP window sizes ranging from 128,000 to 225,000 bytes and buffer settings at 3,000 $bytes$ were optimal for optimizing throughput. The last objective of throughput optimization, transitioning from PyCryptoDome to the cryptography library boosts throughput by approximately 20 Mbits/s, reaching up to 59 Mbits/s. Furthermore, it is important to acknowledge that modifications were not extended to the symmetric cryptography libraries, like AES, which could potentially greatly influence system throughput. Therefore, we recommend to further extend these modifications to validate throughput improvements across all modified cryptography algorithms. Depending solely on a single high-performing setup may mislead the assessment of the changes, as various iPerf3 test combinations could yield different outcomes. Thus, it is essential to recognize that these limitations may impact the credibility of the findings.

Home networks are evolving vigorously and are also becoming more and more heterogeneous and complex. Home networks contain new services and numerous devices with wired and wireless links. At the same time, users demand high levels of quality of service for many new applications. Hence, the supervision of links quality tends to be mandatory in emergent home networks, to trigger QoS mechanisms. In this context, this dissertation proposes the utilization of the available bandwidth as a performance indicator in hybrid home networks (e.g. for remote service-evaluation, diagnosis and fault detection) and as link-state metric for a number of QoS mechanisms (e.g., admission control, path selection and load balancing). In this dissertation, we firstly explain why available bandwidth probing is a fundamental tool in the new QoS architectures for hybrid home networks and we explore different use cases. We investigate the networking constraints that affect bandwidth probing in hybrid home networks. We explain why most tools to measure available bandwidth on Internet paths are not very efficient on home networks. We make a taxonomic study of a number of state-of-the-art probing techniques and probing tools for available bandwidth. At that aim, we propose a functional framework, called Metrics Profile Capture Filter and Feedback (MPCFF). Based on these studies, we choose Iperf in TCP mode as an attractive tool to estimate available bandwidth. Then, we conduct a performance evaluation on an experimental test bed, to compare Iperf in lightweight TCP-mode vs. various state-of-the-art tools (Wbest, Pathchirp, Pathload and IGI/PTR). We show that Iperf in lightweight TCP mode is superior in terms of accuracy and speed of convergence. Finally, we integrate Iperf in lightweight TCP mode into a path selection protocol using the Inter-MAC software (developed in the Omega European project). We show, on a test bed, how Iperf in lightweight TCP mode enhances the Inter-MAC path selection by eliminating performance deterioration due to time-varying capacity links. Our results show that Iperf in lightweight TCP mode, accurately, triggers path selection and load balancing mechanisms, to adapt the network resources to the strong degradation of WiFi and PLC links. Available bandwidth probing detects and helps to control real-time deviations of the quality of experience, associated of sensitive applications. At the same time, available-bandwidth probing helps the service provider to isolate failures and to monitor the end-to-end residential service, on demand or on long-term periodicity basis.

A streaming video has features that differs from other streams: the occupation of large amount of bandwidth, and the possible variation of scenes with consequent increase (or decrease) in amount of bytes transmitted. Applications for video streaming transmission (YouTube, Vimeo, Netflix, Telecine Play, etc.) have aroused the interest of the scientific community regarding the behavior of networks. Our proposal is to measure, from a video stream, the user experience (QoE) based on arbitration QoS parameters in a controlled environment which use NetFPGA. The results of the experiments has shown the efficacy of TCP over UDP, which at the stage of choosing the most appropriate protocol for testing, showed to be ineffective to the Gigabit Ethernet rate. These experiments occurred in distinct physical topologies; only Cisco routers, with and without QoS, with and without injection of traffic generated by software iperf in the network, and using NetFPGA board set to router only with and without traffic via iperf, once the design developed to make the board work as a router does not allow QoS settings. in these scenarios, there was the need to start the client running at different times, setting their respective caches different networks so that did not coincide scenes, avoiding high bandwidth peaks in stretches with a lot of movement. / Um streaming de vídeo tem características que o difere dos demais fluxos: a ocupação de grande quantidade de banda, e a possíveis variações de cenas com consequente aumento (ou diminuição) na quantidade dos bytes transmitidos. Aplicações para transmissão de streaming de vídeo (YouTube, Vimeo, NetFlix, Telecine Play, e etc.) tem despertado o interesse da comunidade científica quanto ao comportamento das redes. Nossa proposta é correlacionar, a partir de um fluxo de vídeo, a experiência do usuário com base na arbitragem de parâmetros de QoS em ambiente controlado. O resultado dos experimentos demonstrou a eficácia do protocolo TCP sobre o UDP, que na fase da escolha do protocolo mais adequado para os testes, mostrou-se ineficiente até a taxa Gigabit Ethernet. Esses experimentos ocorreram em topologias físicas distintas; apenas com roteadores Cisco, com e sem QoS, tendo ou não injeção de tráfego gerado pelo software iPerf na rede, e usando a placa NetFPGA no modo router, apenas com e sem tráfego via iPerf, uma vez que o projeto desenvolvido para fazer a placa atuar como roteador não permite configurações de QoS. Nesses cenários, constatou-se a necessidade de iniciar a execução dos clientes em momentos diferentes, configurando seus respectivos caches de redes diferentes, para que não coincidissem as cenas, evitando altos picos de banda em trechos com muita movimentação.

In this thesis, shows a current issue for free space optics, limiting their use in practice with regard to the availability and reliability. They conducted measurements on wireless optical links and the observed values is calculated by the availability of the connection. Subsequently, measurements are performed on alternate versions of wireless and copper connections. Observed values were compared with a wireless optical link. It is made of optical design of wireless connections at home.