There are some substantial disparities among organizations in performance after going public in the Chinese automotive dealer industry. This dissertation analyzes the prospectus, organizational annual report, and other public data available for the public firms in the automotive dealer industry. The dissertation conducts a longitudinal analysis of firms with continuous development and firms with operating problems. Multiple regression models are used to test various hypotheses. The results indicate that firms that are backed by venture capital experience perform worse after the IPO. Ownership Structure is positively correlated with the change in firm performance around the IPO. The change in Venture Capital ownership around the IPO is negatively correlated with the change in firm performance. Moreover, the increase in Venture Capitalist age around the IPO is negatively correlated with firm performance. Since IPOs are associated with performance decline, recommendations are provided to mitigate their impact. / Business Administration/Finance

The IPO market in Sweden has been on the rise and has had years of record in number of companies that has gone public. The phenomenon of underpricing has been analyzed for years in different markets as well as in different time periods. This thesis analyzes the factors affecting underpricing during the years 2017 to 2022 on the markets: Nasdaq Stockholm, First North Stockholm and Spotlight. Additionally, an investigation of the underpricing between the industries have been done by using several control variables to determine the differences in underpricing between the industries. Various tests use a sample size of 366 companies to determine if the variables have a statistical significance. The results show that the average IPO during the time period is underpriced by approximately 9%.

Uppsatsen undersöker huruvida det finns signifikanta skillnader i avkastning hos bolag som noterats av riskkapitalbolag, samt huruvida det finns signifikanta skillnader i avkastning hos bolag som noterats av dess grundare. Vidare undersöker även uppsatsen huruvida det finns signifikanta skillnader i avkastning hos bolag där olika typer av ankarinvesterare åtagit sig att teckna aktier i samband med en IPO. Uppsatsen har angripit frågeställningarna via ett kvantitativt tillvägagångsätt där data över ägarstrukturer före IPO:n, insynsägande samt ankarinvesterares teckningsåtaganden insamlats från respektive bolags prospekt. Bolagen som ingår i datamaterialet har avgränsats till bolag som genomfört en IPO på Stockholmsbörsen under perioden 1 januari 2018 till 31 december 2022. Uppsatsens resultat antyder att bolag som börsnoterats av riskkapitalbolag genererar lägre avkastning än marknadsportföljen. Vidare redovisar uppsatsen att bolag som noterats av dess grundare genererar högre avkastning än marknadsportföljen, samt att det inte verkar finnas ett samband mellan antalet ankarinvesterare och aktiens avkastning.

The closing price first day of trading has historically been found to exceed the offer price set in IPOs, implying that many issuing firms tend to leave money on the table in their IPO. This thesis examines the level of IPO underpricing in Sweden using unique data of IPO transactions on the largest Swedish stock exchanges during 2010-2016. It further discusses the valuation difficulties using the most common valuation methods for firms exhibiting characteristics commonly shared by technological firms. Univariate and multivariate tests confirm the existence of underpricing on Swedish stock exchanges during the period of study. Firms in the technological sector are found to experience both high average levels of underpricing and great variance in initial returns, suggesting potential difficulties valuing technological firms. Robust univariate tests do however not yield a significant result of greater variance in initial returns compared to rest of the sample. By using regression analysis, I find capital raised relative to market capitalization to have significant negative effect on initial returns.

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Do Scandinavian companies manage their earnings prior to initiating an IPO and if so, how does that affect their subsequent market performance? Prior studies have been able to identify the use of earnings management prior to companies going public, leading to increased initial equity value, followed by negative returns compared to the market as a whole.  In this study we examine the relation between discretionary accruals as an approximation of earnings management for companies listed on the three major Scandinavian stock exchanges through 2005-2017, and their abnormal returns as an approximation of post-IPO market performance. Discretionary accruals are measured in two categories, total discretionary accruals and discretionary short-term accruals, being more directly related to earnings increasing earnings management. Both measurements are divided as fractions of total assets making them comparable throughout the market. We find that companies total discretionary accruals on average are positive, indicating that accrual increasing earnings management is used prior to being brought to the public market. The average companies’ discretionary current accruals are negative, separating the results found in the Scandinavian markets from prior research in the field. As we study their subsequent market performance, we find that an increased level of discretionary short term accruals, earnings increasing earnings management is negatively related to abnormal returns.

Yes / This study applies a new multi-focal actor-centered institution-theoretic approach to examine the association between executive pay and the recruitment of social elites to the board of directors in developing countries. We use a sample of 119 initial public offerings (IPOs) from 17 African stock markets to model this relationship. The results suggest that a higher proportion of elites on the board is associated with lower executive pay. This is moderated by institutional quality; that is, lower institutional quality is associated with more directors drawn from social elites and with higher pay, while the opposite is true in higher-institutional-quality environments. Our findings confirm the importance of the social environment within which governance is embedded.

Yes / The attraction of blue-chip listings in emerging stock markets is a major policy initiative common across much of the developing world. In many cases however, local blue-chip firms are the result of foreign Multinational Enterprise (MNE) firms engaging with local indigenous partners to form an international joint venture (IJV). These are unique with bilateral governance structures underscoring co-ownership between partners of residual cash flows and assets of the IJV. Using a unique and comprehensive sample of 202 IPO firms from across the emerging African region evidence of both a pronounced internal as well as external role for IJV boards was found. Social and political legitimacy concerns dominate the external role of boards in particular. Increasing proportions of boards drawn from commercial and governmental social elites are associated with IJV IPO firms in high institutional quality while lower proportions of these elites are associated with civil code law jurisdictions rather than common law. Governmental elites are associated with country-level improvements in corruption control and political stability while commercial elites are only marginally associated with improvements in political stability, regulatory quality, rule of law and democratic voice and accountability measures.

An initial public offering (IPO) represents a significant event in a firm’s lifecycle, marking the transition from being a privately held company to a publicly traded entity by offering its shares to the public for the first time. Several previous studies have shown that, from an investor point of view, IPOs posits the opportunity to earn substantial return, and that they also tend to underperform long-term. In recent years, stock market volatility has fluctuated considerably due to factors such as the global pandemic and geopolitical conflicts. These factors have led to varying stock market returns, affecting individuals' savings. Additionally, the number of investors in Sweden has grown substantially over the past decade. This, combined with the relatively unexplored nature of market volatility in IPO research, has laid the foundation for this study's focus. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the impact market volatility has on the initial return and the long-term risk-adjusted return of IPOs in Sweden.  To fulfill this purpose, analyses have been undertaken to investigate the relationship between IPO short- and long-term returns and market volatility between 2019 and 2022. This timeframe encapsulates two years experiencing low market volatility (2019 and 2021), and two years experiencing higher market volatility (2020 and 2022). The data sample consists of 165 firms when measuring short-term returns, and 162 firms when measuring long-term returns, who have all had their IPO within this timeframe and are all listed on the Swedish stock market. To further contribute to the literature, the study incorporates the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), Prospect Theory, and the Winner´s Curse Theory. These are three well-established and contrasting theories within IPO research which are introduced to see how well their perspectives align with the study's findings.  The empirical results from the statistical analyses showed varied outcomes. While a statistically significant difference could be identified between certain years, the majority did not. Since the majority of the tests conducted could not find a significant difference in return between high and low volatile years, market volatility at the time of an IPO does not significantly influence the return. Consequently, the findings suggest that employing an investment strategy that involves investing in IPOs based on market volatility levels is not superior to other strategies. These findings give investors deeper insights into how IPOs and their timing are influenced by market conditions and can therefore aid them in making more informed decisions.

The thesis is a quantitative study examining the correlation between IPO underpricing andinside ownership and whether subgroups' significance has a greater effect on underpricing.The methodology of this study involved employing OLS regression analysis. Literature on IPO underpricing and ownership is primarily focused on the relationship between institutionalinvestors. Furthermore, previous literature on IPOs and ownership have been conducted onthe dilution of inside ownership post-introduction and retention rate concerning the firm's quality. The contribution of the study is to the literature on IPO underpricing and asymmetricinformation due to inside ownership. In addition to previous literature, regarding underpricingof IPOs and the asymmetric information between inside and outside ownership. The resultsindicate that inside ownership increases underpricing of IPOs and that the subgroups CEO andBoard of Directors significantly influence underpricing in the Swedish stock market. Thestudy also investigated whether underpricing was affected by insider holding during uncertainperiods such as the COVID-19 pandemic, but no evidence supporting this hypothesis wasfound.