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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

A raiz do sistema IOCG de Carajás : alterações hidrotermais e mineralização niquelífera neoarqueana no depósito GT-34

Garcia, Victor Botelho Perez 26 February 2018 (has links)
Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia, 2018. / Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2018-05-15T16:26:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_VictorBotelhoPerezGarcia.pdf: 2313547 bytes, checksum: d593399c348afe0ec7985407648f4b34 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2018-05-23T10:30:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_VictorBotelhoPerezGarcia.pdf: 2313547 bytes, checksum: d593399c348afe0ec7985407648f4b34 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T10:30:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_VictorBotelhoPerezGarcia.pdf: 2313547 bytes, checksum: d593399c348afe0ec7985407648f4b34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). / O depósito GT-34, localizado a 12 km a SW da mina Sequerinho, Carajás, norte do Brasil, representa uma ocorrência incomum de Ni relacionado ao sistema Iron-OxideCopper-Gold (IOCG) regional. Ocorre ao longo de uma zona de cisalhamento subvertical de orientação NE-SW marcado por zonas de alteração alcáli-Fe encaixado em granitos a tonalitos. A aleração inicial Na-Mg e alteração Ca pervasiva formam, respectivamente, marialiate-ortopiroxênio e hornblenda-plagioclásio-clinopiroxênio. A mineralização de Ni ocorre na forma de brechas com a matriz rica em pentlandita-pirrotita-apatita e fragmentos arredondados compostos dominantemente por fragmentos da alteração Ca. Veios tardios de alteração K-Fe com magnetita ou hematita (alteração K-Fe (Mt) e alteração K-Fe (Hem), respectivamente) remobilizam parcialmente a mineralização, reprecipitando-a como calcopirita-pirrotita-magnetita (alteração K-Fe (Mt)) e como milerita-pirita-apatita (alteração K-Fe (Hem)). A alteração K-Fe (Mt) ocorre como veios irregulares ricos em flogopita-talco, enquanto a alteração K-Fe (Hem) ocorre como veios bem delimitados com K-feldspato-albita-quartzo-clorita-calcita-epidoto. As características iniciais do fluido associado a alteração Na-Mg precisam ser anidras para a estabilização do ortopiroxênio e de elevada salinidade para formação da marialita. Um fluido imiscível composto por CO2-NaCl é sugerido para a atingir tais características. A presença do ortopiroxênio indica temperaturas >700°C. Estudo experimentais indicam que marialiata não se forma a partir de fluidos ricos em NaCl a pressões >7 kbar a temperatura >700°C. A ausência de quartzo pode ocorrer devido a sua dissolução causada por fluidos ricos em NaCl sob pressões >5 kbar e temperaturas similares, também determinado experimentalmente. Cristais de zircão foram recuperados da alteração NaMg inicial e da alteração tardia K-Fe (Mt) fornecendo uma idade concordante de 2.724±4 Ga, corroborando a formação Neoarqueana do depósito GT-34, similar aos demais depósitos IOCG em Carajás. A temperatura >700°C e pressão entre 5–7 kbar, eventuais fluidos evaporíticos não podem estar presentes, sendo necessário uma fonte magmática. As idades obtidas nesse estudo se sobrepõe a idade do magmatismo bimodal Neoarqueano (2.75-2.70 Ga), suportando uma origem magmática-hidrotermal. As condições determinadas para o depósito GT-34 elevam a temperatura inicial do sistema IOCG de Carajás em pelo menos 200°C com pressões podendo chegar até 7 kbar, tornondo-o a mais profunda ocorrência associada ao sistema IOCG de Carajás conhecida até então. / The GT-34 deposit, which is located 12 km SW of the Sequerinho copper-gold mine, Carajás Province, northern Brazil, represents an unusual Ni occurrence related to a regional Iron-Oxide-Copper-Gold (IOCG) system. It occurs along a NE-SW-trending sub-vertical shear zone marked by progressive alkali-Fe alteration zones hosted in tonalite to granite intrusions. Initial Na-Mg and pervasive Ca alteration forms the unique marialite-orthopyroxene and hornblende-plagioclase-clinopyroxene associations, respectively. Nickel mineralization occurs as breccias in a pentlandite-pyrrhotite-apatiterich matrix with rounded fragments chiefly of Ca-alteration parageneses. Late-stage veins of K-Fe magnetite and hematite (K-Fe (Mt) and K-Fe (Hem)) alterations partially remobilize the mineralization, reprecipitating as chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite and as millerite-pyrite-apatite, respectively. Potassium-Fe (Mt) occurs as irregular phlogopitetalc-rich veins, while K-Fe (Hem) occurs as sharp K-feldspar-albite-quartz-chloritecalcite-epidote veins. Initial fluid characteristics associated with Na-Mg alteration require anhydrous conditions for orthopyroxene stability and high salinity for marialite formation. An immiscible CO2-NaCl fluid is therefore associated with such conditions. The presence of orthopyroxene indicates temperatures >700°C. Experimental studies indicate that marialite does not form with NaCl-rich fluid at pressures >7 kbar under such temperatures. The absence of quartz might be caused by NaCl dissolution at pressures >5 kbar, as determined experimentally with the same temperature conditions. Zircon crystal were recovered from the initial Na-Mg alteration and late-stage K-Fe (Mt) alteration yielding a concordant 2.724±4 Ga age, corroborating the GT-34 Neoarchean formation similar to other IOCG deposits in Carajás. At >700°C and 5–7 kbar, an eventual evaporitic fluid source would not be present, making a magmatic fluid source necessary. The age constrains obtained in this study overlaps the bimodal Neoarchean magmatism (2.75-2.70 Ga), supporting a magmatic-hydrothermal origin. Determination of such conditions raises the initial temperature of the Carajás IOCG system at least 200°C and pressure up to 7 kbar, making GT-34 the deepest IOCG-related occurrence known to date for this province.
2

Geological Characteristics of Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold (IOCG) Type Mineralisation in the Western Bushveld Complex

Hunt, John Paul 15 November 2006 (has links)
Student Number : 9210081T - MSc dissertation - School of Geosciences - Faculty of Science / The occurrence of large, massive iron oxide deposits throughout the Bushveld Complex, South Africa, and its associated roof-rocks is well known. The style of mineralisation and the associated alteration exhibits many characteristics of iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) type deposits. The contained mineralisation is dominated by iron oxide and fluorite and is accompanied by a diverse polymetallic association, with anomalous fluorite, copper, gold, barite, uranium and LREE. The Ruigtepoort orebody, located in the western Bushveld Complex, is such an example and is surrounded by some 20 smaller occurrences in the upper stratigraphic portions of the Bushveld Complex, all displaying strong structural control. These IOCG bodies occur as narrow veins, hydrothermal breccias, subhorizontal sheets, or as pipe-like intrusions usually utilising pre-existing structures. Set in red Nebo granite, the mineralised core consists of severely chloritised rock that is haloed by progressively less-altered granite. The alteration passes from the chlorite core to more hematite-phyllosilicate-dominated alteration, to sericite-illite-dominated alteration; followed by the relatively fresh country granite. These alteration haloes dissipate rapidly away from the body over only a few metres. Sodic-calcic alteration described in other IOCG is not locally observed. Extensive zones of barren feldspar-destructive alteration exist, including K-metasomatism, sericitisation and silicification. Multiple alteration episodes appear to have occurred, resulting in extensive overprinting and a very complex paragenesis. The primary mineral assemblage consists of Fe-chlorite, fluorite, quartz, hematite, and specularite, with accessory pyrite and chalcopyrite. Multiple generations of hematite, quartz, fluorite and chlorite are also observed. At other localities, the assemblage is dominated by magnetite-actinolite-britholite. Significantly enriched concentrations of Au (2 g/t), Cu (0,45 wt%), Ba, Y and LREE are encountered in the small, mineralised core. A fluid mixing model is proposed characterised by an initial highly-saline, sulphur-poor magmatic fluid which mixed with a lower temperature oxidised, surficial fluid. Structure was probably a significant factor in determining the initial distribution of hydrothermal centres and the overall morphology of the entire system. Subsequently, continuous brecciation, alteration, mineral precipitation and fault activity helped develop the hydrothermal centres into a complex array of variably mineralised, lenticular, pipe-like and irregularly shaped breccia bodies.
3

Caracterização geologica e genese das mineralizações de oxido de Fe-Cu-Au e metais associados na Provincia Mineral de Carajas : estudo de caso do Deposito Sossego / Geology and genesis of iron oxide-copper-gold deposits in the Carajas Mineral Province : the case study of the Sossego deposit

Carvalho, Emerson de Resende 12 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Roberto Perez Xavier, Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho, Lena Virginia Soares Monteiro / Tese (doutorado) -Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T19:03:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_EmersondeResende_D.pdf: 11938678 bytes, checksum: fdc3794a3948e2508d41b33690dcf01d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O depósito de óxido de ferro-cobre-ouro de Sossego na Província Mineral de Carajás (PMC), região norte do Brasil, consiste de três corpos de minério principais, denominados Sossego-Curral, Sequeirinho-Baiano e Pista, envolvidos por zonas de alteração hidrotermal sódica, sódico-cálcica, potássica, clorítica e hidrolítica. Essas zonas de alteração hidrotermal mostram diferentes graus de desenvolvimento em cada corpo de minério. Os estágios iniciais de alteração foram controlados pelo fluxo de fluido em zonas de cisalhamento regionais, enquanto a mineralização cupro-aurífera corresponde a uma fase tardia e se formou em um ambiente estrutural rúptil. Salmouras hipersalinas, quentes (> 500 oC) e compostas essencialmente por NaCl-CaCl2-H2O podem estar associadas com o desenvolvimento inicial do sistema hidrotermal Sossego. As brechas sulfetadas Sequeirinho e Sossego mostram um enriquecimento em Cu-Fe-Au-(Ag)- Ni-Co-Se-Y-V-P-La-Ce e baixo conteúdo de Ti, semelhante a outros depósitos de óxido de Fe-Cu-Au em Carajás e em termos mundiais. O alto conteúdo de Ni, Co, Se, V e Pd, especialmente no corpo Sequeirinho, possivelmente é decorrente da lixiviação de metais a partir de fontes como o gabro, que tem relação espacial com os corpos de magnetitito e as zonas mineralizadas, e lente de rochas metaultramáficas do Supergrupo Itacaiúnas. Os processos de interação fluido-rocha devem ter resultado em significativa lixiviação de metais da seqüência de rochas hospedeiras, que foi acentuado por fluidos hidrotermais inicialmente de alta temperatura (>500 oC) e alto conteúdo de cloreto no sistema hidrotermal Sossego, movido pelo calor dos vários episódios de intrusões registrados na PMC. As inclusões fluidas de amostras dos estágios finais da evolução do sistema hidrotermal Sossego, indicam a participação de (1) salmouras hipersalinas; (2) salmouras salinas, de baixa temperatura (~150 oC) e ricos em CaCl2; e (3) fluidos de baixa salinidade e baixa temperatura (< 250 oC) e compostos por NaCl-H2O, representativos, respectivamente dos estágios inicial, principal e final da mineralização de Cu-Au. As salmouras salinas ricas em CaCl2 poderiam refletir uma evolução contínua a partir de um fluido hipersalino magmático ou envolver fluidos bacinais de baixa temperatura, incluindo um componente derivado de evaporitos. Os fluidos portadores de NaCl e de baixa salinidade predominam nos estágios finais do evento mineralizante e podem representar o influxo de fluidos meteóricos. A transição para um regime estrutural dominantemente rúptil e o resfriamento do sistema favorecem o influxo desses fluidos meteóricos oxidados. A mistura de fluidos pode ter sido o mecanismo principal que desencadeou a precipitação da maior parte do Cu e Au nos diferentes corpos de minério do depósito de Sossego. / Abstract: The Sossego iron oxide-copper-gold deposit in the Carajás Mineral Province (CMP), northern Brazil, consists of three main orebodies, named Sossego-Curral, Sequeirinho-Baiano and Pista, enveloped by sodic, sodic-calcic, potassic, chloritic, and hydrolithic hydrothermal alteration zones. These alteration zones display different degrees of development in these orebodies. The early alteration stages were controlled by fluid-flow in large-scale regional shear zones, whereas bulk copper-gold mineralization was late and formed in a brittle structural environment. Hypersaline NaCl-CaCl2-H2O hot (>500 oC) brines could be associated with the initial development of the hydrothermal system. Sequeirinho and Sossego sulfide ore breccias are marked by enrichment in Cu-Fe-Au-(Ag)-Ni-Co-Se-Y-V-P-La-Ce and low contents of Ti, which also occur in other IOCG deposits of CMP and worldwide IOCG deposits. The high contents of Ni, Co, Se, V and Pd, particularly in Sequeirinho orebody, possibly were originated by metal leaching from sources such as intrusive gabbro, which have spatial relationship with massive magnetite bodies and mineralized zones, and metaultramafic lenses of Itacaiúnas Supergroup. Fluid-rock interaction process might have resulted in significant metal leaching from host sequences, enhanced by early high temperature (>500 oC) and high chloride concentrations of hydrothermal fluids in the extensive Sossego hydrothermal system driven by heat from several intrusive episodes recorded in the CMP. Fluid inclusions of the samples from the final stages of evolution of the Sossego hydrothermal system in brittle conditions, indicated participation of hot hypersaline brines, low temperature (~150 oC) CaCl2-rich saline brines and low-temperature (<250 oC) low salinity NaCl-H2O fluids in early, main and late mineralization stages. The CaCl2-rich saline brines could reflect continuum evolution from magmatic hypersaline fluids or involve low temperature basinal, including evaporite-derived fluids. Low salinity, NaCl-bearing fluids, predominates in late stages and reflect channelized influx of meteoric fluids. The transition to a dominantly brittle structural regime and cooling of the system favors the influx of these oxidized meteoric-derived fluids. Fluid mixing could have represented a major influence on ore precipitation in different orebodies from the Sossego IOCG deposit and could have had fundamental importance to trigger the bulk of copper deposition. / Doutorado / Metalogenese / Doutor em Ciências

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