Orientador: Roberto Testezlaf / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T18:38:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mesquita_Marcio_M.pdf: 2438272 bytes, checksum: 82069e6658df10bdc4e42bc8a5723a16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Filtros de areia são equipamentos recomendados no tratamento de água de irrigação em sistemas localizados, na presença de materiais orgânicos e inorgânicos. Contudo, o pouco conhecimento disponível na literatura e as informações técnicas dispersas, que não chegam ao produtor, limitam a operação e manutenção desses filtros de forma apropriada às nossas condições de qualidade de água. Buscando contribuir com informações que alterem essa situação, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a influência da granulometria das partículas de areia e da altura do leito filtrante no comportamento hidráulico de três modelos nacionais de filtros de areia com diferentes componentes internos de difusão e de drenagem, utilizando água limpa. Inicialmente, realizou-se um levantamento dos principais equipamentos comercializados no Brasil, identificando a sua origem e caracterizando suas estruturas, componentes e padrões operacionais. Em seguida, foram realizadas visitas técnicas a propriedades rurais, analisando o nível de operacionalidade dos filtros de areia em campo, identificando os principais problemas e possíveis falhas de funcionamento e/ou critérios adotados durante a operação desses equipamentos, utilizando uma metodologia de campo desenvolvida especificamente para esse objetivo. Na etapa experimental, caracterizaram-se fisicamente três amostras de areia pertencentes a diferentes intervalos granulométricos, que foram utilizadas na caracterização hidráulica dos filtros. Essa caracterização constituiu-se na determinação da perda de carga em função da taxa de filtração para a condição de filtros vazios e para três alturas de leito filtrante. Finalizando, realizou-se a validação de um modelo matemático que explicasse o comportamento físico da presença dos difusores e drenos no processo de filtragem para os equipamentos avaliados. O levantamento realizado demonstrou que os filtros comercializados no Brasil apresentam diferentes projetos de componentes ou partes internas, com poucas informações sobre o seu dimensionamento e também para a sua operação. As visitas técnicas aos produtores rurais detectaram o pouco conhecimento que estes possuíam sobre a operação de filtragem e retrolavagem em filtros de areia. Os resultados experimentais obtidos demonstraram que a variação da perda de carga é inversamente proporcional ao diâmetro efetivo dos grãos de areia e diretamente proporcional à altura da camada filtrante. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que o tipo de componentes internos interage diferentemente com a granulometria e altura da camada filtrante, modificando as características hidráulicas de operação dos filtros. O modelo matemático composto, H¿ = (ßo.eQ. ß1) + [?L. (aFV + ßF V2)], explicou adequadamente a variabilidade do comportamento hidráulico dos filtros avaliados com a presença dos seus diferentes componentes internos / Abstract: Sand filters are recommended for water treatment in localized irrigation systems in the presence of organic and inorganic materials. However, due to the little knowledge available on literature and scattered technical information, which do not reach the farmers, there are some limitation in the operation and maintenance of these filters appropriated to our water quality conditions. In search of contributing to understand this problem, this study had the objective to evaluate the influence of sand particles size distribution and the media layer depth on the hydraulic behavior of three national models of sand filters with different internal components of diffusion plate and drainage outlets, using clean water. Initially, it was performed a survey of the major equipment brands traded in Brazil, identifying their origin and characterizing their structures, components and operating standards. In a second step, technical visits were done to farms, examining sand filters operation level in the field, identifying the main problems and possible malfunctions and/or the operation criteria used in such equipments, using a field methodology developed specifically for this purpose. In the experimental lab phase, three samples of sand belonging to different grain size distribution intervals were physically characterized to be used in the trials. Using these samples, it were performed the hydraulic characterization of three models of national commercial brands of sand filters, determining the head loss in function of the filtration rate for the following conditions: empty filters and for three media layer depths. Finally, it was developed a validation procedure of a mathematical model to explain the physical behavior of the diffusion plates and drains types on filtering process for the sand filters tested. The survey showed that the filters sold in Brazil have different designs of components and internal parts, with little information about its drawing and field operation. The technical visits to the farmers found that they had little knowledge about the filtration and backwash operations. The experimental results demonstrated that the head loss variation is inversely proportional to the sand grains effective diameter and directly proportional to the media layer depth. Additionally, it was verified that the internal filter parts interact differently to the particle size and the filter layer depth modifying the hydraulic operation. The proposed composed mathematical model: H¿ = (ßo.eQ. ß1) + [?L. (aFV + ßF V2)], adequately explained the variability of filter hydraulic behaviors considering the presence of theirs internal parts / Mestrado / Agua e Solo / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

The archaeological record indicates that there are differences in Viejo period (A.D. 700 or 900-1200/1250) and Medio period (A.D. 1200/1250-1400s) agricultural strategies and settlement distribution between the Casas Grandes River basin in northern Chihuahua and the Babícora Basin and upper Santa María River basin area in west central Chihuahua. During the Viejo period in the Casas Grandes region temporal, rainfed, agriculture is proposed and only a few settlements are associated with this system. In the Medio period irrigation and trincheras (stone terraces) were implemented increasing the land’s ability to support large populations and numerous settlements were aggregated around fields associated with these methods. For the latter two regions temporal agriculture is posited for both the Viejo and Medio periods. While populations thrived, the numerous settlements in each area are not aggregated but rather are dispersed across the landscape and on various topographic features. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate environmental and cultural influences as explanatory factors for the regional differences. Current environmental data indicate that the combinations of annual precipitation, soil types, and hydrology determine whether temporal or irrigation agriculture is possible. Temporal agriculture is not a viable option for the Casas Grandes region but irrigation is. The conditions in the Babícora Basin and the upper Santa María River basin are conducive to temporal farming while water for irrigation is not easily attainable. In that paleoenvironmental data demonstrate the antiquity of current environments then the agricultural options would have been similar in the past. Together, the archaeological and ethnographic data demonstrate the longevity of temporal agriculture in these areas. How temporal agriculture can be achieved and sustained is demonstrated in the tradition-based practices of modern farmers. The agency of modern farmers can be used as an analogy for agency in the past. When tested against the archaeological record the postulated temporal system and associated settlement patterns are indicative of a domesticated landscape structured for planting flexibility.

The archaeological record indicates that there are differences in Viejo period (A.D. 700 or 900-1200/1250) and Medio period (A.D. 1200/1250-1400s) agricultural strategies and settlement distribution between the Casas Grandes River basin in northern Chihuahua and the Babícora Basin and upper Santa María River basin area in west central Chihuahua. During the Viejo period in the Casas Grandes region temporal, rainfed, agriculture is proposed and only a few settlements are associated with this system. In the Medio period irrigation and trincheras (stone terraces) were implemented increasing the land’s ability to support large populations and numerous settlements were aggregated around fields associated with these methods. For the latter two regions temporal agriculture is posited for both the Viejo and Medio periods. While populations thrived, the numerous settlements in each area are not aggregated but rather are dispersed across the landscape and on various topographic features. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate environmental and cultural influences as explanatory factors for the regional differences. Current environmental data indicate that the combinations of annual precipitation, soil types, and hydrology determine whether temporal or irrigation agriculture is possible. Temporal agriculture is not a viable option for the Casas Grandes region but irrigation is. The conditions in the Babícora Basin and the upper Santa María River basin are conducive to temporal farming while water for irrigation is not easily attainable. In that paleoenvironmental data demonstrate the antiquity of current environments then the agricultural options would have been similar in the past. Together, the archaeological and ethnographic data demonstrate the longevity of temporal agriculture in these areas. How temporal agriculture can be achieved and sustained is demonstrated in the tradition-based practices of modern farmers. The agency of modern farmers can be used as an analogy for agency in the past. When tested against the archaeological record the postulated temporal system and associated settlement patterns are indicative of a domesticated landscape structured for planting flexibility.

The archaeological record indicates that there are differences in Viejo period (A.D. 700 or 900-1200/1250) and Medio period (A.D. 1200/1250-1400s) agricultural strategies and settlement distribution between the Casas Grandes River basin in northern Chihuahua and the Babícora Basin and upper Santa María River basin area in west central Chihuahua. During the Viejo period in the Casas Grandes region temporal, rainfed, agriculture is proposed and only a few settlements are associated with this system. In the Medio period irrigation and trincheras (stone terraces) were implemented increasing the land’s ability to support large populations and numerous settlements were aggregated around fields associated with these methods. For the latter two regions temporal agriculture is posited for both the Viejo and Medio periods. While populations thrived, the numerous settlements in each area are not aggregated but rather are dispersed across the landscape and on various topographic features. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate environmental and cultural influences as explanatory factors for the regional differences. Current environmental data indicate that the combinations of annual precipitation, soil types, and hydrology determine whether temporal or irrigation agriculture is possible. Temporal agriculture is not a viable option for the Casas Grandes region but irrigation is. The conditions in the Babícora Basin and the upper Santa María River basin are conducive to temporal farming while water for irrigation is not easily attainable. In that paleoenvironmental data demonstrate the antiquity of current environments then the agricultural options would have been similar in the past. Together, the archaeological and ethnographic data demonstrate the longevity of temporal agriculture in these areas. How temporal agriculture can be achieved and sustained is demonstrated in the tradition-based practices of modern farmers. The agency of modern farmers can be used as an analogy for agency in the past. When tested against the archaeological record the postulated temporal system and associated settlement patterns are indicative of a domesticated landscape structured for planting flexibility. / Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan) / Graduate