Orientador: Marcel Agenor Pavan / Banca: Renate Krause Sakate / Banca: Francisco Murilo Zerbini Junior / Banca: Olivier Le Gall / Banca: Ivan G. Maia / Resumo: A família Sequiviridae é constituída por dois gêneros: Waikavirus e Sequivirus. Os vírus apresentam partículas isométricas com aproximadamente 30nm de diâmetro e uma única fita de RNA sentido positivo, sendo que o genoma dos waikavírus é poliadenilado e dos sequivírus não. Dandelion yellow mosaic virus (DaYMV) foi relatado infectando alface em diferentes países da Europa e classificado no gênero Sequivirus, porém dados moleculares não estão disponíveis para este vírus. No Brasil, um vírus isométrico infectando alface foi isolado por Marinho et al., (1982) no Distrito Federal e denominado de Lettuce mottle virus (LeMoV). Um provável isolado deste vírus isométrico foi descrito mais tarde no estado de São Paulo por Stangarlin (1995), sendo encontrado frequentemente em infecções mistas com o Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV). Em ensaios de microscopia eletrônica utilizando antissoro policlonal específico para Dandelion yellow mosaic sequivirus (DaYMV) e extrato foliar de plantas infectadas pelo LeMoV, foi verificada uma reação sorológica parcial (Chaves, 1999), indicando que o LeMoV possivelmente seria um membro do gênero Sequivirus, família Sequiviridae. Um protocolo funcional de purificação tanto para o LeMoV como para o DaYMV foi desenvolvido e sequências parciais do genoma de ambos os vírus foram obtidas usando preparações virais purificadas e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Sequiviridae family is constituted by two genus: Waikavirus and Sequivirus. The virus have approximately 30nm of diameter and a single-stranded of positive sense RNA. The genome of waikavirus is polyadenylated and of sequivirus not. Dandelion yellow mosaic virus (DaYMV) was reported in different countries of the Europe infecting lettuce and classified in the Sequivirus genus however, molecular data are not available for this virus. In the region of Federal District, Brazilan isometric virus infecting lettuce was isolated by Marinho et. al., (1982) and called of Lettuce mottle virus (LeMoV). Probable a strain of this isometric virus was described later in the Sao Paulo state by Stangarlin (1995), frequently found in mixed infections with the Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV). Using specific polyclonal antiserum for Dandelion yellow mosaic sequivirus (DaYMV) and foliar extract of plants infected for the LeMoV, a partial serological reaction was verified for this virus (Chaves, 1999), indicating that the LeMoV could be possibly a member of Sequivirus genus, Sequiviridae family. A functional protocol of purification was developed for LeMoV and DaYMV and partial genome sequences for both virus was obtained using virus purified preparation and degenerated primers for the Sequiviridae family. Sequences of the LeMoV-AF197 and the DaYMV-DSM2 were analyzed and showed a high identity with other members of the family. Universal primers that detect both viruses and specifics primers for LeMoV and DaYMV were used in diagnosistic tests based on RT-PCR. The specific primers amplified one fragment of 300bp for the LeMoV and 331bp for the DaYMV, being highly specific for diagnosis because no antiserum with good properties are available for these viruses. Different sequivirus proceeding from Brazil (BR11), Chile (Ch36), Holland (DSM2) and France (2227) were also evaluated in this work... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a complex disease, characterised by progressive airflow obstruction and is a major cause of morbidity, mortality and healthcare usage in the UK. Quadriceps muscle dysfunction is a key cause of exercise intolerance in patients with COPD, manifested by reduced muscle mass and strength. This problem also imposes a burden to the health system as quadriceps dysfunction is an independent predictor of hospitalisation and mortality. Importantly, the quadriceps may provide a target for therapy in an otherwise irreversible lung disease and changes in strength after resistance training (RT) are well documented. Protein supplementation has been successfully used as an adjunct to RT in healthy populations. However the role of this therapeutic combination has not before been studied in a COPD population. Methods: This thesis describes a randomised controlled trial (RCT) which aims to explore the role of protein supplementation given immediately after RT, upon functional outcomes, in patients with COPD. The hypothesis was that RT, in combination with protein ingestion (at the time of training) will have greater effects on functional outcomes than RT alone (chapter 4). Secondary aims were to precisely explore the training intensity progression, fatigue profile (chapter 5) and cardiorespiratory load imposed by the RT (chapter 6) and to examine the measurement properties of the ActiTrac® physical activity (PA) monitors (chapter 7). In all chapters the response to the intervention in patients with COPD, is compared to healthy, age-matched controls. 5 Results: The overriding message from this thesis is that protein supplementation can not be routinely recommended as an adjunct to RT for patients with COPD. All groups made significant improvements in quadriceps strength and thigh mass after RT but protein did not augment the outcome. Subjects with evidence of muscle wastage (based on fat-free mass criteria) responded less well to RT, although the study was underpowered to draw meaningful conclusions in this group. Subjects with COPD made comparable improvements to healthy age-matched controls, despite training at much lower intensities and experiencing greater decay in muscle force during a training session. Moreover, the RT programme was able to sufficiently activate the cardio-pulmonary system and led to significant improvements in wholebody exercise performance. PA did not change after the 8-week RT programme; suggesting that changes after RT are not routinely translated to increased habitual activity, particularly when the educational component of rehabilitation is missing. Conclusions: The RT programme utilised in this thesis was able to significantly improve both strength and endurance-related outcomes in patients with COPD. However, the provision of additional protein at the time of training did not enhance the benefits. The isokinetic RT programme provided a unique opportunity to precisely explore the training intensity progression, fatigue profile and cardiorespiratory load imposed by the training; comparing patients with COPD and healthy controls. The findings from this work provide some important considerations for clinical practice and require further investigation within a conventional rehabilitation setting.

Introduction: This dissertation explored the acute effects of varying resistance exercise intensities in men with symptoms of muscle dysmorphia (MD). MD is a complex and disabling disorder; yet, despite the negative health effects MD can have, few treatment methods exist, with many barriers. Exercise has the potential to overcome many of the barriers to MD treatment and has shown to have positive effects in people with related disorders; yet, these effects have not been tested in men with MD. Methods: Twenty-one men were recruited and completed four on-site sessions. Sessions 1 and 2 included a battery of psychological and physiological measures. Sessions 3 and 4 were single sessions of moderate (70% of 10-RM) and high (100% of 10-RM) intensity RE in a counterbalanced order separated by at least 48-hours. Acute changes in body image, affective valence, perceived activation, perceived muscle size, and exercise enjoyment, were assessed before (PRE), during (MID), immediately after (POST), and 30-minutes after (DELAY) each session. Results: Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant effects of time for state body image (F = 8.05, p < .01, η2 = .17), affective valence (F = 5.12, p = .01, η2 = .28), perceived activation (F = 48.47, p < .001, η2 = .79), perceived muscle size (F = 8.79, p < .01, η2 = .31), and exercise enjoyment (F = 6.84, p < .01, η2 = .15). There were significant effects of condition (i.e., intensity) for perceived activation (F = 9.13, p < .01, η2 = .19) only. There was a significant condition x time interaction for perceived activation (F = 3.49, p = .03, η2 = .22) and exercise enjoyment (F = 3.12, p = .05, η2 = .07). Post-hoc analyses revealed a significant increase in state body image during both sessions (ps > .05), but a significant decrease in state body image emerged from POST to DELAY (p < .05) during the moderate intensity session only. Additionally, during the moderate intensity session affective valence significantly decreased from MID and POST to DELAY (ps < .01). There were no significant changes in affective valence at any time point during the high intensity session (ps > .05). During the moderate intensity session, perceived activation significantly increased from PRE to MID, and POST (ps < .01), but significantly decreased from PRE, MID, and POST, to DELAY (ps < .01). During the high intensity session, perceived activation significantly increased from PRE to MID (p < .01), and from PRE and MID, to POST (ps < .01). Also, during the high intensity session perceived activation significantly decreased from PRE, MID, and POST, to DELAY (ps < .01). Perceived muscle size significantly increased from PRE to POST (p < .01), and significantly decreased from POST to DELAY (p < .01). Further, results suggest that participants enjoyed the high intensity RE session significantly more compared to the moderate intensity session (p < .01). Conclusion: Results suggest that men with MD symptoms have a more favorable response to high vs. moderate intensity RE. These results support the literature suggesting that RE intensity likely plays an important role in perceived body image and muscle size among men with MD symptoms. Further research testing the effects of different RE variables (e.g., frequency, duration) is warranted to establish an optimal RE protocol to maximize body satisfaction in this population.

Resistance training is widely prescribed for rehabilitation of injuries and as a method to improve athletic performance. It is accepted that resistance training increases the maximal force production of whole muscle and it has been suggested that the velocity of shortening can increase as well. However, little is known about the effects of resistance training at the cellular level. Therefore, we investigated morphology, force production, velocity, and force-velocity-power relationships of single chemically skinned muscle fibers from chronically resistance trained humans, including cross sectional area (CSA), peak Ca²⁺ -activated force production (P₀), specific tension (P₀/CSA), unloaded shortening velocity (V₀), and isotonic contractions. The untrained group (NT) group consisted of sedentary males (n=6, age =27 ± 2 yrs) while the chronically trained group (CHRT) group consisted of males with 7.7 ± 0.4 yrs resistance training experience (n=6, 22 ± 1 yrs). Maximum voluntary isometric and isokinetic knee extensor strength were measured along with 6 repetition maximum (6RM) free weight bench press and leg press. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis. Chemically skinned single muscle fibers were mounted between a force transducer and servo-controlled motor and subjected to slack tests to determine peak Ca²⁺ -activated force (P₀) and unloaded shortening velocity (V₀). Isotonic load clamps were used to determine the force-velocity-power relationship. All fiber experiments were performed at 15°C. Fiber myosin heavy chain (MHC) content was determined by gel electrophoresis. The CHRT group was 119% and 81% stronger for 6RM leg press and bench press respectively. Peak isometric torque was 28% greater for the CHRT subjects and was significantly higher at all isokinetic speeds tested. No differences were seen in strength or isokinetic power between groups after normalization for lean body mass. CHRT fibers (n=213) expressing type I, IIa, and I₀a/IIx MHC were significantly greater in CSA (+41%, +51%, and +33%, respectively) and produced significantly greater P₀ (+37%, +48%, and +34%, respectively) than NT fibers (n=236). However, P₀/CSA was not different between CHRT and NT groups. Fibers expressing type IIa/IIx fibers produced greater P₀/CSA than IIa which produced greater P₀/CSA than type I. The P₀/CSA relationship between fibers within groups was type IIa/IIx>IIa>I and was significant for both groups. Fiber V₀ was not different between groups. Absolute power was significantly greater in the CHRT for all fiber types whereas power normalized for fiber volume was not different between groups. This resulted in a significantly greater force at peak power for all but type IIa/IIx fibers and trends for greater velocity at peak power. Single-cell contractile function in terms of V₀ and P₀/CSA, measured under standardized conditions, appears to be unaltered as a result of long term CHRT in young adult males. Group differences in absolute P₀ can be attributed solely to the greater CSA of the CHRT fibers. Long-term CHRT is not associated with a difference in fiber V₀. Therefore, the greater power was due entirely to the greater force. These data suggest that differences in whole muscle strength and power between NT and CHRT groups are primarily due to differences in fiber CSA rather than differences in cross-bridge mechanisms of contraction. Supported by National Institute of Health grant R3AR46392A. / Graduation date: 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences exist in the level of coverage of resistance exercise in select four-year college and university undergraduate physical education programs. The study also examined whether differences exist between content suggested for training resistance exercise specialists and the curriculum being offered. A final dimension of the study was to identify existing program options with an emphasis on resistance exercise. The objective was to identify information that might be applied by college and university-level curriculum specialists for the development of resistance exercise related courses. The survey instrument (a mailed questionnaire) was developed by integrating the NSCA role delineation study (1988) and a study of the literature related to resistance exercise. A panel of specialists was employed to expand, modify, and validate the instrument. Twelve categories and 91 content areas were identified. The study population was comprised of 76 National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) members who were listed under undergraduate physical education programs in the Physical Education Gold Book. Of the 76 members contacted, 63 (83%) completed and returned the questionnaire. The findings of the study showed that differences do exist in the level of coverage of resistance exercise in the curriculum of four-year undergraduate physical education programs. The three categories with the most consistently high coverage were Muscle Physiology, Biomechanics, and Testing and Evaluation. The three categories with the most consistently low level of coverage were Administration/Organizational Concerns, Special Populations, and Methods Used to Develop Strength. The content areas with the most consistently high level of coverage were Dynamics of Contraction, Movement Terminology, Body Mechanics, Lactic Acid Metabolism, and Modes of Strength Training. The content areas receiving the most consistently low level of coverage were Legal Issues, and Functional Isometrics. / Graduation date: 1992

This study was desined to measure the effect of various intensities of leg-press exercise and squat exercise on hGH release. Young, 24 ± .7 yrs of age, male lifters (n=3) served as subjects for this study. After a 1 RM was established on the weight sled and squat rack they completed a 3 RM, 10 RM, or 25 RM workout using a 3 set protocol. Each workout (3, 10, squat exercises were separated by 2 weeks. Blood was taken from an antecubital vein prior to exercise (pre-exercise, after warm-up, and post-exercise 4, 8, 16 MIN). The serum was measured for hGH levels. The results indicate that 1) High intensity exercise of a short duration will not elicit a hGH response indicating that exercise duration is more important than exercise intensity, 2) The hGH output, in part, depends on exercise intensity when exercise duration is sufficient to elicit hGH response, and 3) The increased lactic acid during resistance exercise did not relate to hGH levels. / School of Physical Education

This purpose of this study was to determine the effects of vitamin E and/or resistance exercise on insulin resistance and glucose uptake. Nine subjects, who were currently active but not strength training, were assigned to either the vitamin E or placebo group based on their prescreening measurements. Subjects underwent a 3-week vitamin E washout period before testing. At baseline testing subjects were given a 75-gram glucose load and blood was drawn every 15-minutes for 2-hours to analyze insulin and glucose response. Another oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed 45minutes after a 50-minute full body progressive resistance training session to determine insulin and glucose response to exercise. Subjects ingested either the placebo (3 capsules of olive oil) or 1200 IU vitamin E (3 capsules) for 9-weeks. After 3-weeks of supplementation the subjects returned for another exercising OGTT. After this session the subjects began a 6-week progressive resistance exercise program, in which they performed another OGTT after the last session. Both groups showed a significant increase in strength gains pre and post resistance training. The statistical analysis failed to demonstrate any differences between groups in insulin or glucose response in any of the four OGTT trials, but there were multiple trends present. Combining vitamin E supplementation with resistance training increased insulin sensitivity and the disposal of glucose. Both groups also had significant strength gains from pre to post study. Future research is needed for verification of these trends. / School of Physical Education

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Edith Cowan University, 2006. / Submitted to the Faculty of Communications, Health and Science. Includes bibliographical references.