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This study is based on field work done during a period of eight months when I lived in the Japanese farming village described in the paper. The project was carried out under the financial auspices of the Japanese Government. The religion Tenrikyō is what I describe as a 'totalitarian' system. That is, it regulates the lives of its members in all of their roles of life. The values and ideals of the religion emphasize the individual and his struggle to attain salvation. Each believer is expected to devote himself and everything he owns to the final fullfillment of the goals of Tenrikyō. The values and goals in operation in village Japan are in direct opposition to values such as those outlined for the religion. Community solidarity is of utmost importance to a Japanese village. In order to attain this solidarity each member of the village must subject himself to the will of the community. Thus the village too may be described as a 'totalitarian' system. When Tenrikyō entered the village of Sakōdo the meeting of the two 'totalitarian' systems produced a conflict which the village attempted to solve by formally ostracising the converts to the religion. This action was not satisfactory since it resulted in a weakening of the inner strength of the community. The only recourse was to accept the religion and make it dependant upon the village. This action eventually destroyed the 'totalitarian' nature of the religion and strengthened that of the community. This paper is an examination of this conflict and compromise and illustrates the type of reaction which occurs upon the meeting of two 'totalitarian' systems which hold opposing values and ideals. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

An ethnographic work about Japanese women who wear Lolita fashion, based primarily upon anthropological field research that was conducted in Tokyo between May and August 2014. The main purpose of this study is to investigate how and why women wear Lolita fashion despite the contradictions surrounding it. An additional purpose is to provide a new perspective about Lolita fashion through using interview data. Fieldwork was conducted through participant observation, surveying, and multiple semi-structured interviews with eleven women over a three-month period. It was concluded that women wear Lolita fashion for a sense of freedom from the constraints that they encounter, such as expectations placed upon them as housewives, students or mothers. The thesis provides a historical chapter, a chapter about fantasy with ethnographic data, and a chapter about how women who wear Lolita fashion are related to other fashions as well as the Cool Japan campaign.

The Japanese, as a people, are very different from the Chinese. As far as one can talk of national characteristics, they are less ebullient and extrovert than the Chinese. A sense of humour seldom appears in their daily life whereas, oddly enough, their art shows a lively wit. The reverse is true of the Chinese who are a witty gay people in life but are not generally so in their art. Peter Swann's provocative statement prompted this investigation regarding the absence or presence of humor in uniquely Japanese art. A secondary aim was to try to define the nature of any humor discovered. The study was limited to three periods of Japanese history in which there was a minimal amount of direct influence from China and in which there developed relatively pure Japanese art forms. Humor is defined as "a critical, yet sympathetic, human response to a stimulus occurring unexpectedly in an otherwise ordered existence." It is discussed as an intellectual-emotional response. The intellectual aspect implies an understanding of events. The emotion encountered is never one of anger, bitterness or sarcasm. It is not noble, sublime or mysterious. It is a response of warmth. The first era studied, the protohistoric period, produced haniwa, clay figures, which were investigated. While it was not possible to state that haniwa were humorous in intent, many emerged exemplifying the foregoing definition of humor. These happy and laughing tomb figures elicit a response of humor today. The nature of the humor-response was of two varieties. One was indeed Swann's "lively wit" and the other emerged as a gentile, subtle type of humor. The second period studied was that of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in which the main body of emaki was produced. The historical background to the growth of this truly national style of Japanese art was covered and many emaki were investigated. Summarizing the kind of humor found, it became evident that the Japanese is a race able to laugh at itself. Yashiro's "sympathetic smile of good will" is shown in the emaki itself and is elicited from the observer. "Lively wit" was found in scenes from the Shigi-san Engi, the Ban Dainagon Ekotoba and in the Choju Giga. A gentle, subtle humor was observed in the Yamai no Soshi scroll and in the Gaki Zoshi.. In both of these latter emaki, the pathos toned down the nature of the humor making it less lively than in the former scrolls. Finally, the last period under consideration was the two hundred and fifty years of Tokugawa shogun exclusionist policy—l6l5-1867. The Japanese form of art known as ukiyo-e was investigated. It was necessary to understand the historical background of these Japanese prints in order to determine if and when stimuli occurred upsetting a natural order of existence. Again, it was discovered that at least two kinds of humor were present. Overt and "lively wit" was demonstrable, as was a subtle, not-quite-hidden, touch of gentle humor. While there was no difficulty in proving the presence of humor in uniquely Japanese art, the nature of that humor was more difficult to determine. Swann's contention that Japanese art shows a "lively wit" was found to be true, but only in part. A subtle, quiet and warmly sympathetic kind of response was also demonstrated. Examples of these two types of humor were found both in the actual objects investigated and, also, in the nature of the response elicited from the observer. Although humor evinced different characteristics, both types found show a critical, yet sympathetic, response to stimuli occurring unexpectedly in an otherwise ordered, existence. / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate

The "San Koten Honkyoku" are three ("san") traditional ("hon") compositions ("kyoku") which are distinguished and venerated for their archetypical ("koten") characteristics. Of the many "schools" ("ryu") of musicians who claim proprietorship or proprietary control of versions of these melodies, the Kinko-ryu has the strongest claim to historicity. Their medium of performance is the "shakuhachi"—a bamboo, end-blown, vertical flute—and their aesthetics is founded on Zen Buddhism. The progenitor of the shakuhachi most likely originates from the Mesopotamian civilizations of the fourth millennium B.C. After diffusion to China, the vertical flute acquired a seminal role as the aural manifestation of the Chinese fundamental pitch, "huang-chung". Some time later it became a melody instrument in the court orchestras, suffering several recondite changes in nomenclature and popularity. When it arrived in Japan as the Imperial "ch'ih pa" (Jp. shakuhachi) it was in rapid decline, but during the 16th century it re-emerged as an ignoble instrument played by Japanese mendicant Buddhists called "Komo-s5". The period between the decline of the Imperial Court's shakuhachi and the rise of the Komo-so's vertical flute is a void for historians of the instrument, but it is suggested in this thesis that an earlier group of mendicant Buddhist priests/musicians, the "Mo-s5" biwa players, may have been the source of this renaissance. By the time of the Edo Period (1600-1868), the vertical flute had passed from the hands of the Komo-so, through the merchant class who called it the "Hitoyogiri" and a samurai clan who knew it as the "Tenpuku", to a newly-emerged group comprised of "ronin" or masterless samurai who adopted the then-defunct Komo-so's way of life in a manner that suited their aristocratic background. They called themselves "Komu-so", and their colorful history ranges from clandestine malevolence to Buddhist saintliness. In the 18th century, Kurosawa Kinko and his son (Kinko II, 1741-1811) and grandson (Kinko III, 1772-1816) advanced the positive aspects of the Komu-so's activity by assembling a unified repertoire and organizing an association of lay flutists devoted to the pursuit of "Takedd"—the "Way" of the bamboo flute—a process of self-enlightenment fashioned after Zen Buddhist precepts. Today, the music theory of the Kinko-ryu Honkyoku is comprised of a basic system of rudiments tempered by complex performance practices which are only accessible through the oral/aural instruction of a sensei. His pedagogy is designed to bring the student to a unified understanding of the many aspects of melodic detail by emphasizing their role in animating the simple melodies outlined by the skeletal notation. Through a systematic analysis of the Kinko-ryu "San Koten Honkyoku", the present study has found that the theoretical principles of these compositions are clearly demonstrable. Their inherent pitches are derived from the Japanese "In" scale and exist in a hierarchy made manifest in tonal proclivities which are naturally or deceptively resolved. The hierarchies also determine the structures of the melodies by articulating their progress. The conclusion of this thesis draws together the sociology, history, melodic theory and melodic analyses of the Kinko-ryu shakuhachi and its Honkyoku by outlining their respective contributions to a unique musical expression of Zen Buddhism. / Arts, Faculty of / Music, School of / Graduate

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Textens syfte är att peka på ett antal av de förutsättningar som har möjliggjort det moderna japanska enfamiljshusets särart. Fokus ligger på det typiska i centrala Tokyos stadsbild som är en viktig faktor för den allmänna utvecklingen. Stor inflyttning och ett svagt regelverk för stadsplanering har skapat unika småhusområden. Den täta stadsstrukturen har skapat många speciella lösningar även i bebyggelse utan arkitektonisk ambition, mycket av det man ser i publicerade arkitekturprojekt är vanliga inslag i den standardbetonade bebyggelsen. Ekonomi är också en viktig faktor. Priset för mark är mycket högt i förhållande till byggkostnader vilket både gör att husets kostnad i en totalbudget är proportionerligt mindre än på många andra platser och att omsättningen på byggnader är hög.   Ritningsmaterialet är ett tävlingsprojekt i staden Calahorra i norra Spanien. Projektets ide var att med främst småhusbebyggelse rita en plan där man uppnår en lika stor befolkningsmässig täthet som i ett område med flerbostadshus. De urbana lösningarna är baserade på de situationer man hittar i Tokyos småhusområden och kan ses som ett försök att formalisera de stadsplanemönster och situationer som genom långa processer har uppstått i Japan. / The aim of the thesis was to discuss preconditions shaping the modern Japanese single-family dwelling. The typical characteristics of the Tokyo cityscape were crucial for the general development of architecture. Urbanization and weak planning regulations have created unique low-rise districts. The density of the urban fabric has created specific architectural solutions in the average house. Many features in houses published in architectural press depict common solutions in the average area. Economy has also been an important factor. The price of land is very high in proportion to other building related costs. The actual building costs are proportionally lower compared to the land price than in many other places and because of this the redevelopment frequency of properties has become high.   The drawings are from an architectural competition in the city Calahorra in the north of Spain. The idea of the project was to use primarily single-family dwellings to create as high density of population as an area containing taller buildings. The urban solutions were based on situations found in the low-rise districts of Tokyo, this is an attempt to formalize the urban patterns that have developed through long processes in Japan.

It might seem impossible to compare developing Zimbabwe to a well developed Japanese agrarian, but a deeper examination of the two countries reveals numerous similarities especially in the agrarian sector (land reform, grain policy and the rural political economy). The thesis examined Japan's radical land reform and the development of her cooperatives in conjuction with the path taken by Zimbabwe leading to her land reform and beyond. The author collected and analyzed data from six villages, three in Japan, and three in Zimbabwe to understand different types of cooperatives, their growths, and constraints. The British-Indian type of cooperatives currently obtaining in Zimbabwe needs to be restructured.The central argument is that the FTLR, just as the land reform in Japan, increased the potential for the development of robust, genuine grassroots cooperatives from below. The new movement can learn a lot from Japan's 70-year experience in cooperative development. Based on a global political economy reading of agricultural production, the thesis selects the pros from the Japanese agricultural cooperative system and fuses it with knowledge systems from the Zimbabwe movement to advance an agricultural cooperative development framework for Zimbabwe and other post-colonial states. / 博士(グローバル社会研究) / Doctor of Philosophy in Global Society Studies / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Eine lange Tradition im japanischen Einzelhandel besitzen die oftmals schmalen und überdachten Einkaufspassagen (Shoutengai). Charakteristisch ist die Aneinanderreihung von kleinflächigen, unabhängigen und oftmals familiengeführten Fachgeschäften. Diese sind sowohl im Einzelhandel, Dienstleistungsgewerbe als auch in der Gastronomie angesiedelt und dienen nicht nur als zentrales Versorgungszentrum in Fußnähe, sondern sind auch Kommunikationsmittelpunkt einer Nachbarschaft oder eines Stadtbezirks. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist die Darstellung der momentanen Situation traditioneller Einkaufspassagen in Japan und welchen Herausforderungen diese aktuell und zukünftig gegenüberstehen. Mangelnde Kundennachfrage, erhöhte Konkurrenzsituation, steigende Steuerabgaben oder fehlende Nachfolger stehen beispielhaft für die Probleme, mit denen sich viele Inhaber konfrontiert sehen. Durch die empirische Untersuchung sollen Determinanten des Erfolgs bzw. Misserfolgs erarbeitet werden. Hierbei wurden von Juni 2015 bis Juli 2016 in Kyoto und Osaka 21 Einkaufspassagen mit insgesamt 3.469 Geschäftsflächen kartiert, von denen wiederum acht Einkaufspassagen näher untersucht wurden. Dabei haben 513 Betriebe an einer standardisierten Befragung teilgenommen und es wurden mehrere Leitfadeninterviews mit Shoutengai-Vereinen sowie Stadtverwaltungen und Wirtschaftsförderern geführt. Als theoretische Grundlagen der vorliegenden Arbeit dient insbesondere die Akteurs- und Handlungstheorie und wie die Aktivitäten der Geschäftsbetreiber die Passagen positiv bzw. negativ beeinflussen. Flankierenden Charakter besitzen zudem die Institutionentheorie, anhand derer der Einfluss politischer Entscheidungen erörtert wird sowie zyklische Theorieansätze, um eine Einordnung der traditionellen Einkaufspassagen in Japans Einzelhandelslandschaft durchzuführen. Seit über drei Jahrzehnten sinkt landesweit die Zahl der Einzelhändler, die Gründe für den Niedergang sind vielfältig. Insbesondere Einzelgeschäfte mit einer niedrigen einstelligen Zahl an Mitarbeitern waren und sind auch weiterhin im Rückgang inbegriffen. Über ein Drittel der befragten Geschäftsinhaber planen in den nächsten fünf Jahren die Geschäftsführung aufzugeben, zwei Drittel von ihnen haben keinen Nachfolger für ihr Geschäft. Zunehmende Schließungen tragen zu Trading-Down Prozessen der gesamten Passage bei. Hohe Leerstandsquoten von bis zu über 50 %, verbunden mit ungepflegten Gebäudefassaden, einem schlechten Beleuchtungskonzept und begrenzter Produktauswahl führen zu einer unattraktiven Einkaufsatmosphäre, resultierend in einem Kundenmangel. Die Diversifizierung der Betriebsformen ab den 1960er Jahren und Deregulierungsprozesse der Binnenhandelspolitik beförderten die Konkurrenzsituation der Einkaufspassagen und bildeten die Grundlage dieser Abwärtsentwicklung. Einige Immobiliengesellschaften nutzen dies für ihre Zwecke und erwerben einige Ladenzeilen, um diese großflächigen zu Wohnhäusern umzubauen. Die Einkaufspassagen erfahren dadurch einen Funktionswandel und verlieren zunehmend ihren ursprünglichen Charakter. Die Ergebnisse tragen dazu bei, die aktuelle Einzelhandelslandschaft Japans zu erfassen und stadtplanerischen Instrumenten bei der künftigen Planung zu unterstützen. / The Shoutengai, a Japanese style commercial district covering a whole street, has a long-standing tradition in Japans retail business. Characteristic is the array of small, specialized, independent and often family-run shops. The intention of this thesis is to present the current situation of traditional shopping streets in Japan, along with the challenges they are facing nowadays and in the future. Lack of customer demand, increased competition, rising taxes and missing successors are examples for the most common problems shop owners see themselves confronted with. Through empirical investigation, determinants for success or failure can be ascertained. In line of the investigation in Kyoto and Osaka, 21 shopping malls containing a total of 3,469 businesses were mapped, from which eight were examined in greater detail. 513 shops participated in a standardized survey, and several expert discussions with Shoutengai associations as well as city administrations and offices for economic development were conducted. The scientific basis of this work is the theory of actions and how the activities of the business operators influence the arcades positively or negatively. This is supported further by the cyclic theories and the institutional theory, which factors in the influence of political decisions on the Japanese retail business. For the last three decades, the retailers have suffered a nationwide decline. This is especially true for smaller businesses. One third of the surveyed shop owners plan to give up management within the next five years, two thirds of whom have no successor for their business. High vacancy rates of sometimes more than 50% and seemingly abandoned buildings make for an unattractive shopping atmosphere, which results in more and more missing customers. Other factors are insufficient exposure and limited product selection compared to online retailers, supermarkets and shopping malls. There was a diversification and deregulation of businesses starting in the 1960s through the domestic trade policy. These processes promoted the competitive situation of the present and provided the basis for the current downward trend. Real estate companies started to seize the new opportunities and are trying to acquire these properties to convert them into large-scale residential buildings. Thus, changing the original purpose and character of the former shopping arcades. The thesis gives an overview over the Japanese retail landscape and draws conclusions that can support future strategies for urban planning.

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