Student Number : 8801336R - M Dent research report - School of Oral Health (Dentistry) - Faculty of Health Sciences / The Johannesburg Hospital is a major referral centre for trauma in Johannesburg, and maxillofacial and oral surgery is one of the most utilized trauma and surgical departments at this Hospital. Mandibular fractures comprise the bulk of facial fractures treated; unit statistics on this type of fracture have been collected at intervals for thirty years. Data collection for the current report was undertaken to update statistics on mandibular fractures, and was undertaken over a six month period in 2004. This study assessed the epidemiology of mandibular fractures in 133 patients; concentrating on age, gender, race, mechanism and nature of injuries, site of fracture, treatment modalities and a cost analysis of surgical treatment. Black males in their 30’s made up the bulk of the study sample. A total of 203 fractures were noted, with a mean of 1.5 fractures per mandible; with angle fractures being the most commonly involved site (39%). Most patients sustained their injuries due to criminally motivated incidents. At least 75% of all fractures in this series were surgically treated. This report highlights some interesting trends that have changed over the last three decades, and attempts to offer some plausible explanations for this.

Most asset pricing theories suggest that asset prices are forward looking and reflect market expectations of future earnings. By aggregating across companies, aggregate market prices may then be used as leading indicators of future Real GDP, Real Industrial Production and the level of Inflation. A Hodrick & Prescott (1981) filter is used to detrend the data, which is compiled on an annual and quarterly basis from the JSE, to test whether stock returns are in fact useful for indicating economic activity. An autoregressive model is constructed, yielding strong evidence of significance, in the first four quarters on a quarterly basis, and two years on an annual basis, for Real Stock Prices. Therefore, in terms of a South African context, the Cycle of Real Stock Prices are a leading indicator on the JSE.

Thesis (M.Arch. (Professional))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2016. / Drug abuse, particularly among younger generations, is an issue of increasing concern in South Africa. According to recent reports on global substance abuse, South Africa was named as having some of the highest rates of youth drug use in the world. This not only has dire impacts for local communities and their youth, but has led to increasing crime rates and unemployment in these communities. One such community, plagued with youth drug abuse and addiction, is Westbury, a former coloured township in Western Johannesburg. Westbury has, in turn, been selected as the focus area for this thesis due to prevailing struggles with youth drug addiction, high rates of drug-related crime and a community outcry for a solution. This thesis aims to investigate a means of alleviating degrees of drug use, and other risky youth behaviours, by introducing an architectural intervention. This intervention – defined as a Youth Centre and Safe House – will attempt to address the search for identity and meaning within the liminal state of adolescence, and the often risky behaviours that arise as a result, by providing a sense of ‘place’ and belonging for the ailing youth. With the main focus group being at-risk adolescents, and in order to create an architecture that speaks of the liminal state of adolescence, threshold and ‘the space between’ become important design concepts. This thesis attempts to investigate the movement between distinct spaces, the experience of transition, and the physical and psychological effects thereof. The resultant design proposes an architecture of liminality, where soft, implied thresholds and a celebration of ‘the space between’ become the manner in which the liminal subject can negotiate the built environment and establish a sense of ‘place’ within it. / EM2017

The City of Johannesburg exists primarily due to the discovery of gold, and its urban form has largely been shaped by the mining strip that runs from east to west along the gold reef. The City initially grew along the mining axis, with the Central Business District (CBD) developing just to the north of the belt. Today, the strip of mine tailings and slimes dams creates a vast space of leftover, mostly undeveloped land adjacent to the City centre. The south of the City is physically separated from the north by this strip of wasteland, and most current development is usually only directed northwards towards Sandton and Pretoria. This study considers the future significance of the mining brownfields and how the land can be re-claimed, re-used and re-developed in order to structure and enhance the urban landscape of Johannesburg. The mining strip represents the divisive and collective history of the City and can potentially be used to create the connective tissue that could address this division and ultimately form a cohesive Johannesburg. The linear mining strip is currently supported by railways and industry and as such, provides an ideal setting for development, as useful infrastructure is already present. Brownfield sites, which are previously-developed urban sites with a potential for redevelopment, and specifically mining brownfield sites, form the core of the research for this study. The tailings and slimes dams of Johannesburg require extensive reclamation and reprocessing, yet provide the ideal landscape for redevelopment. The variety of brownfield sites, as well as the different ways to approach them is discussed within this document. In order to validate the extensive effort that is required to overcome the many issues associated with redeveloping the Johannesburg mining sites, the theory of Compact Cities pioneered in the Netherlands has been investigated and is used as a case study in this document. The current segregated and dispersed format of Johannesburg is not sustainable, and all future development should aim for a denser City, greater mixed-use environments and the predominance of public transport. The focus initially will be on developing the land within the City, rather than that on the outskirts, focusing primarily on the vacant land of the mining belt. Careful consideration will be given to the fact that the natural environment is a key aspect to a future sustainable City, and reviews of where this theory has been successfully implemented form a basis to the proposal of this design. This study considers the use of natural landscapes as the catalyst for development within Johannesburg. Natural systems are crucial to the form of the City and can create the base for the linkage of open space systems, which is used to structure future development. Natural mitigation techniques are also one of the best ways to remediate brownfield sites Lastly, the specific history and character of the City of Johannesburg, and specifically the mining belt, is considered in this document, as certain factors will define the process of re-development. The existence of the Witwatersrand Reef and the historical development of the City have led to the current status quo of the City. This thesis studies the patterns of growth that the City has followed and how it has been impacted by gold mining. The design portion of this thesis begins by forming a proposal to create a movement system within Johannesburg based on the existing natural space networks. It considers integrating the mining belt with this system in order to create a new structuring device to inform the development of the urban form of the City. The second part of the thesis attempts to construct a strategy that can be used in the development of the vacant land along the mining belt, based on the above-mentioned open space system for Johannesburg. A pivotal site within Johannesburg has been identified in order to test the principles and concepts that have been explored. There are many challenges that arise when developing on former mining land and this thesis attempts to address these issues spatially, through an urban design framework.

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A research project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MA Masters in Community-Based Counselling Psychology (Psychology) in the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 15/03/2017. / This research examines the interaction between beggars and motorists at traffic light intersections in Johannesburg CBD. Drawing on approximately 80hrs of video recorded interactions, the research primarily demonstrates the ways in which beggars and motorists produce embodied actions in the management of their asymmetrical socioeconomic positions, and more so the inequalities consequent of which. The phenomenon in question takes place in everyday settings constituted by mundane practices and embodied actions. As such, an ethnomethodologically oriented means towards gathering data served best suited to this research. A qualitative Conversation Analysis approach serves an apt technique for analysing the kind of fine-grained focus of the interactional phenomena observed (both verbal and non-verbal). The analysis has been rooted in the analytic framework of the greeting, request and offer adjacency pair types The progression of the analysis, as it unfolds, lends an eye to a particular sequence organization that appears to have crystalized, and further been reproduced in all of the beggar-motorist cases that have been examined here. The discussion turns towards unpacking some of the socio-structural implications of the embodied practices highlighted in the interaction of interest; particularly converging some of the ideas presented regarding the way in which the beggar-motorist interactional practices contribute to and maintain what can be seen as an institutionalized form of inequality. / XL2018

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Management in the field of Public Policy / This study investigates oversight and accountability in the City of Johannesburg. The study explores the City of Johannesburg’s new governance model as implemented after the 2006 local government elections. The study is premised on establishing an understanding of the issues that the City of Johannesburg is grappling with since rolling out its oversight and accountability model as adopted by its Council in 2006. The Constitution of South Africa (1996) vests both the executive and legislative authority in the Municipal Council. This is in contrast to other spheres of government, namely National and Provincial, whereby there are specific chapters on what the Executive, the Parliament and Provincial Legislatures powers are. The study begins by discussing the cases of separation of powers in local government in the United Kingdom and the City of Johannesburg governance model and the rationale behind implementing such a model. The study then makes an analysis of the legislative framework in South Africa that gives expression to oversight and accountability in government broadly. The study discusses its research methodology and the rationale for such a methodology in investigating issues that the City of Johannesburg is faced with in implementing its oversight and accountability model. In this case study the researcher explores the functionality of the model. In doing so, the researcher then proposes ways of ensuring that the oversight and accountability could be more effective and whether there are any legislative impediments, and then propose to national law makers what needs to be done as informed by the research conducted

Executive Summary Non-communicable disease currently accounts for 59% of global deaths and 46% of the global burden of disease. In 2000, 38% of all male deaths and 43% of all female deaths, in South Africa, were due to non-communicable disease. Like all health systems, the South African health system is not adequately equipped to deal with these types of diseases. The burden of chronic disease will grow over time due to factors such as urbanisation and associated behaviours regarding food consumption and physical activity. The World Health Organisation has developed the Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions (ICCC) framework for resource-constrained settings. The ICCC framework is structured into three levels: macro (positive policy environment), meso (community and health care organisation) and micro (health care interactions) levels. Using diabetes and hypertension as examples of chronic disease, this research drew upon portions of this framework to examine service provision for chronic diseases in the Gauteng Province. The overall aim of the study was to document the resources available to manage chronic disease in the Gauteng Province by investigating primary health care clinics, community organisations, and provincial and district support. The objectives were to describe the following: health services offered by primary health care clinics in the city of iv Johannesburg for the management of patients with diabetes and hypertension; the role of district and provincial management in chronic disease care; and the role of community based organisations within the city of Johannesburg in promoting good health, preventing chronic illness, and providing curative and rehabilitative services. The micro level is represented by primary health care (PHC) clinics, the meso level is represented by community-based organisations (CBOs), and the macro level is represented by provincial and regional managers. This is a qualitative, cross-sectional descriptive study. The study population is PHC clinics, associated CBOs, and managers operating in Metropolitan Johannesburg, which is managed by the provincial government. One Gauteng province sub-district was selected by simple random sampling from a list of sub-districts containing at least five provincial PHC clinics. The selected sub-district was located in Soweto and the four PHC clinics and two community health centres were included in the study. Snowball sampling was used to select the CBOs after contacting the PHC clinics. Chronic disease managers at the regional and provincial level were also selected for the study. Data was collected entirely through interviews. One key respondent was selected at each site after contacting the site via telephone. The interview was in-depth and guided by a pre-determined list of questions. The issues probed included topics common to all three levels such as: challenges in chronic disease management, goals for chronic disease management, financial and human resource issues and patient information. Interviews were tape recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. Ethics approval for the study was obtained from the University of the Witwatersrand’s Human Research Ethics Committee and authorisation to conduct the research was acquired from the Gauteng Provincial Department of Health. A total of 13 people were interviewed. At the micro level (PHC clinics), health care workers believed there was an adequate skill mix for chronic disease care but felt unsupported and understaffed. They did not feel motivated by the incentives currently offered. No health information was maintained at the clinic and all patient information was kept on cards. These cards were used to track patients’ progress, clinic attendance and compliance. The only information collected, and sent for analysis, was a patient headcount. Clinics primarily focused on curative treatment. Patients were deemed to be ‘controlled’ or ‘uncontrolled’ based on their ability to return to the clinic for monthly check-ups and consistently achieve acceptable clinical indicators such as blood pressure and/or blood glucose level. Medical doctors, the only health care workers permitted to initiate insulin therapy, are present only at the community health centres. Patients at PHC clinics must therefore receive referrals and travel to CHC to receive such treatment. PHC sisters did not express an interest in being able to begin insulin therapy, suggesting it is too dangerous and should only be performed by a medical doctor. Five CBO representatives were interviewed. Only two community-based organisations could be identified as having dealt specifically with chronic disease. Both of which focused on diabetes but were inclusive of hypertension due to the number of patients with both conditions. These organisations operated with no budget, paid staff or dedicated office space. They maintained close relationships with clinic staff and ran support groups at the clinic, many times with the help of sisters at the clinic. The other CBOs included in the study were home-based care in nature and dealt primarily with HIV/AIDS. They began treating these chronic disease patients when they realised the stigma of HIV/AIDS was ultimately affecting their outreach. In contrast to the two chronic disease CBOs, the AIDS related organisations all received government training and funding, which included stipends. It was felt that the government training did not provide enough information regarding noncommunicable chronic disease such as hypertension, and instead focused almost exclusively on HIV/AIDS. A monthly meeting was held for all Soweto-based CBOs to discuss issues and receive information from government representatives. There exist dedicated chronic disease programme managers at both regional (covering two districts) and provincial levels. Both levels support one another as they work with the PHC clinics in managing chronic disease. Managers felt free to communicate ‘upwards’ from region to province and province to the national level on an as-needed basis. With respect to PHC services, they saw their role largely as conduits. They provided guidelines to the clinics that were created at the national level and then subsequently monitored their guideline implementation by conducting random site visits. Managers felt that health care worker support was to be accomplished at the clinic level, rather than being their personal responsibility. Chronic disease services, in the study area, held the primarily focus on curative care rather than on health promotion, prevention and early diagnosis through screening. Nearly all patient education was delivered to individuals who had already developed one or more chronic conditions. Community-based organisations motivated those with chronic disease to adhere to treatment protocols, make positive lifestyle choices, and provide patients with a forum to discuss their conditions and learn from one another. They also worked with the government to implement awareness campaigns each month. These campaigns included the community and provided education to those whom had not yet developed a chronic disease. All three levels of the ICCC are functional and communicate with each other, though to varying degrees. While communication between levels is present, there exists a top-down management style where workers feel unsupported. The government is heavily involved in all three levels of chronic disease management. They train and pay PHC clinic staff and CBO workers. The government produces and disseminates all guidelines and protocols and monitor their implementation. The government accomplishes all these tasks while collecting only monthly patient headcounts from each clinic. Patients retain all clinical data and managers see no need to collect any data other than a monthly headcount from each clinic. Nurses are unable to initiate insulin therapy and are unhappy with the current incentive program. There are only two CBOs dedicated to chronic disease, all the rest focus primarily on HIV/AIDS. CBO workers do not feel there is enough training regarding chronic diseases. Each level cite various challenges to successfully managing chronic disease. These include, but are not limited to, low patient compliance, finances, lack of family support, and human resource issues. The research applied only a portion of the ICCC framework to one group of government clinics - provincial PHC clinics and CHCs. Examining a larger number of clinics and managers and applying a greater portion of the ICCC framework would be valuable further research. The following recommendations are a partial list of those generated by this research: • Increase the amount of chronic disease information presented in the mandatory government training of all CBO health care workers. • Construct a comprehensive list of all CBOs that includes: contact information, where they operate, services provided, current client addresses, etc. This will strengthen their ability to partner with one another and reduce overlap in patient care. • Educate patients better regarding how insulin works. This will decrease the usage of herbal medicines that mask health problems and lessen patients’ fear of insulin. • PHC nurses could be trained and permitted to administer and/or initiate insulin therapy. • Enable managers to realise they can affect change in clinic staff, rather than feeling this responsibility belongs solely to the clinic manager.

In this thesis, the significance and best use of a site within the historical centre of inner-city Johannesburg is explored. The site covers a city block and lies across the road from the Square on which the City Hall (housing the offices of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature) is situated. The ‘Barbican’ - an important heritage building - occupies part of the site, the remainder being vacant. Both the site and the Square opposite it are situated within a twenty-four city block precinct which has undergone considerable change since it first came into being one hundred and twenty-two years ago. These changes (particularly those within the Square) have become relevant in the history and character of the precinct, and have been examined in order to place the site into its context and to gain an insight into how and why it may be developed. Changes that have had a substantial effect on the precinct allow its history to be roughly divided into four ‘Eras’. The first of these being ‘Market Square’ (1886 – 1935) which relates to the first developments within the precinct - the changes that made ‘a camp’ into a city. The second era is that of ‘Library Gardens’ (1935 – 1991) which details the changes that occurred after a library was built on the Western side of the Square and the effect of this on it. The third era is the ‘Civic Spine’ (1991 – 1994) which illustrates an attempt by the city to reactivate the precinct and the structures that were built to facilitate this. The fourth era is the ‘Provincial Government Precinct’ (1994 – to date), which deals with the conversion of the City Hall into the offices of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature and the changes that are currently occurring in the precinct. The four eras were used to provide an historical context for three layers of urban interconnection that may be found within the precinct and include: history, urban space and public place. History explores the ‘past’ of the site; Urban Space concerns the types of space that were created, being based on the urban theory of the time; and Public Place involves occupation of the spaces by the public which resulting in these spaces becoming places and therefore destinations. The results of this investigation were used in the creation of one structure and the conversion of another that will best utilise the site and benefit the precinct in which it is located. The programme that is now outlined comprises a convention centre, gallery and a hotel. The convention centre may be used for both local and provincial government functions, as well as those required by the private sector, given that few (and inadequate) facilities exist at this time within the inner-city. The gallery will depict the numerous changes that are described; the hotel to accommodate conference delegates and others. After the programme has been provided, the results of an exploration of convention centres and their chief components is related. In addition, the historical building – ‘The Barbican’ is situated (in one corner of the site) and raises the relevance of historical conservation. Elements in the construction of a new convention centre on the site and ways in which the Barbican may be used to connect the old with the new are taken into consideration.

This study looks at the importance of social networks amongst urban migrants in Johannesburg. The aim of the study was to look at how the social networks of international migrants function, and how migrants make use of these networks in an urban setting; examining whether this differs between migrants with established social networks available at their final destination before departure, and migrants without such social networks, and if so, how it differs. The study looks at the importance of social networks throughout the entire migration process, more specifically investigating their impact on the decision-making, journey, arrival and adaptation conditions. The literature review highlights research within the areas of social capital and social networks, research which was used to develop the definition of social networks used in this thesis. The literature review further shows that most research on the subject has emphasised the advantages of having friends or family available at the country of destination. This chapter also establishes a set of important indicators which formed the framework of areas which needed to be included in the analysis of adaptation. In order to analyse the importance of social networks, a mixed methods approach was adopted. This approach allowed the quantitative section to establish particular relationships between variables, while the qualitative section explained these relationships further. The comprehensive quantitative data which was used came from the African Cities Project (ACP) which was a comparative and longitudinal survey conducted in 2008. To further explore the findings from this data, a case study was conducted using in-depth interviews with the most interesting migrant group identified in the ACP data; the Somalis. The decision to select the Somalis as the subject of the qualitative case study was based on the findings of the quantitative analysis, and in particular the fact that the Somali respondents in many ways contradicted much of the previous literature on social networks. The findings of this thesis suggest that the significance of social networks during the migration process has often been exaggerated in the literature. According to the data used in this study, migrants without social networks tend to be more successful in many areas, especially when it comes to adapting to the new country. Having personal networks at the country of destination before departure seems to be less important than the cultural knowledge needed to find and make use of the networks and assistance available.