A research report submitted by the Wits School of Arts, Film and Television Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Film and Television. Johannesburg 2015 / In our modern contemporary time period the vast and rapid expansion of globalisation is stronger than ever, resulting in the shifting of how identities are currently being formed. In Johannesburg there has been major shifts in the socio-political realities of our nation, coupled with globalisation there is a noticeable shift in way identities are formed in our present fractured environment. These shifts are important to acknowledge as South Africa is in the process of changing its image towards of an all encompassing equal state, and so It is imperative to study how these shifts are impacting on identity formation. There are multiple difficulties in a study such as this, initiating a study on a subject/s that is itself incomplete fails to produce finite answers or outcomes. Rather many varying results are produced and compiling this information proves challenging when attempting to comprehend these findings. It is my aim to understand not only how identities are being formed within the rejuvenating city, but also how the rejuvenation of the city is impacting on the formation of identities. Because of the long-established fractured nature of Johannesburg there has been a fracturing of identities that continues even in the face of the changes that are occurring. However with the changes meant to curb these fractures I question if these fractures are in fact diminishing, remaining the same or is there actually a noticeable change occurring. Initially I consider the history of South Africa as this has evidently impacted on the city, my research is it then focused on Johannesburg, as this is the environment I live in and have formed my own identity in. I also investigate how through the use of auto-ethnography I am able to practice ‘self-expression’ staged upon my personal view of Johannesburg and the fractures I encounter. Because I use auto-ethnography as my autobiographical filming technique I have exclusive control over the film and this proved challenging as I was positioning myself in the film as a form of subjectivity. This created a problem in how I was intending to represent myself along with the fractured landscape of Johannesburg. My outcome is a self-subjective representation of myself positioned into my environment represented as my personal view. I focus on the fractures I experience within my own environment the suburbs and that of the city, also the fracture between these two spaces and the continuing fracture in my own identity and relationship with the city. My research will allow for an avenue of self-representation on a very personal and idiosyncratic level as to encourage the city to be represented as it is experienced and perceived by its inhabitants. However my production can be seen as being specific to a similar case, that being of my own, but this practice allows for the use of auto-ethnography to represent our own individual perspectives and the subjectification of ourselves as inhabitants of the city from a personal perspective rather than a generalised and broad perspective.

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Tourism has increasingly been viewed as an important means to challenge poverty, especially in developing countries. Since the beginning of democracy in South Africa, the ANC government has emphasised the importance of overcoming poverty, and identified tourism as an important intervention in pursuit of this objective. The study will assess “pro-poor” tourism initiatives in Alexandra Township since 1994, with particular focus on the arts and crafts at St Michaels Church and SA Jewel. It will investigate whether projects similar to bead craft, initiated at the same time with the same objectives have benefited the residents of Alexandra. Finally, the study will consider if tourism initiatives being implemented in Alexandra conform to ‘sustainable development’ objectives. The research report reviews the literature on Tourism Development domestically and Local Economic Development. Furthermore the report extends to literature reviews specifically in Sustainable Tourism and Pro-Poor Tourism, its definitions and its examples in the tourism industry. It examines the various arguments for tourism development and alleviating poverty through these initiatives. The research findings that follow provide my opinion and those of the different stakeholders involved in tourism in Alexandra and those who were affected by the initiatives in Alexandra.

Thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Development Planning to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2016 / The current increase in demand for accommodation in the Johannesburg northern suburbs is linked to the political and demographic changes that took place within South Africa post 1994. During this time there was a flight of affluent white South Africans away from what was then the centre of the country’s economy, the Johannesburg Central Business District (Garner, 2011). There has been an increase in the size of South Africa’s black middle class post 1994, due to the removal of racist legislation impeding the economic advancements of black South Africans, as well as due to the progressive affirmative action policies designed to fast track the advancement of black South Africans (Southall, 2016). Consequently, there has been a steady increase of black middle class people moving into the northern suburbs of Johannesburg. The study was conducted in the Sandton suburbs of Johannesburg, Gauteng. It sought to understand what factors have led to the increase in demand for accommodation in these suburbs from the black middle class. 27 interviews were conducted with participants in the case study areas of Illovo, Sandton Central Business District, Sandown, Bryanston and Sandhurst. The researcher made use of direct observations during the semi-structured interviews. The results showed that research in this area was imperative as it helped to explain the buying and renting patterns of the black middle class. This is important for property developers and the government because the black middle class is a fast growing economic subgroup within the country. This can impact on policy and property development in the country. The study found that the black middle class are moving to the northern suburbs for pragmatic reasons and that proximity to their places of work, proximity to amenities and security are the most important factors causing them to move. / MT2017

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to understand the mothers lived experience and perception towards 24-hour Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) during hospitalization of their preterm babies. A qualitative design was used and phenomenological methods used to collect data. Nine in-depth unstructured interviews were with purposely-selected participants. The meaning of their experience was analyzed using Collaizzi’s (1978) steps to phenomenological data analysis. Data analysis revealed major three themes: (a) “it is a bond between me and my child” (b) nurse-parent interaction, and (c) “it is tiring and exhaustive”. However, the study found that all the mothers in spite of exhaustion, reported some high level of satisfaction with KMC because it allowed them to be closer to their babies. hence giving them the opportunity to observe their growth and become fully involved in the care. KMC was additionally noted have provided a comforting and warm environment for the babies, thus enabling them to grow faster and this in turn increased maternal satisfaction. Recommendation was made regarding further research preferably quantitative study to establish relationship between production of breast milk and the use of KMC. The principle of 24-hour KMC should also be incorporated and emphasized in all levels of educational training as this practice has been found to have numerous benefits both to the mothers and to their preterm babies.

In the era of globalisation we are required to negotiate a large series of global flows. These include the flow of capital ideas, imagery, goods and people. Contemporary culture has increasingly become nomadic, and the idea of place has become transitive. This condition stands in contradiction to the time-honoured notion of the city as a stable entity. Whether brought about by natural catastrophe or initiated by choice, instant cities emerge, only to disappear again just as rapidly. This has given rise to new terms such as relief urbanism, deadline urbanism or event urbanism. This shift from notions of fixed locality to temporary accommodation for mass migration requires equivalent forms of flexibility in planning. (Weiss 2007:3) This thesis will focus on the particular flow within this contemporary situation which has the biggest implication for architecture, namely the movement of people. Since the world war, migrancy has rapidly become more global in scope and scale with there being more mobility than any other period in history. (Cairns 2004:3) Contemporary migrancy involves the movement of immigrants, emigrants, guest workers, refugees and asylum seekers. The effects of migrancy are also being more intensely felt and widespread than ever before. Nowhere are the impacts more evident than in Africa where the movement of people as a result of war, poverty and persecution are central to the continent’s economics and politics. While migrancy is rapidly transforming Africa the region lacks the capacity to understand and manage these movements. (Forced Migration Studies Programme 2008) So the focus of this thesis will be on refugees and asylum seekers seeking refuge in South Africa and the impacts it is having on displaced people themselves and the local population made terrifyingly manifest in the recent Xenophobic attacks plaguing the country. Following a discussion of the many problems faced by refugees and the root causes of the Xenophobic attacks in Johannesburg this thesis will look at the alleviation of some of these problems culminating in the design of a Prefabricated Housing Prototype and System which can be implemented in a combination of contexts. The system will be developed using 3 test studies. The first will be as an infill project in an dense urban context providing cheap rental unit options for the urban poor including South African low income earners and refugees in the inner city, the second will be a housing model for upgrading stable South African informal settlements and the third as an alternative Refugee camp in an emergency or cross border context. It will examine the role of architecture as a means to sustain dignity and create a sense of belonging for people with very few social connections. The facility will aim to help people regain control of their lives by helping them to contribute to the market economy. It will also aim to be an architecture that is against alienation and will facilitate healing.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are a major public health concern because they are frequent, with high prevalence and incidence; they can result in serious complications and sequaelae; they have social and economic consequences; and a number of STIs have been identified as facilitating the spread of HIV. STI’s are a major public health concern in South Africa, accounting for about 11 million cases annually. It is estimated that approximately 5.3 million South Africans were infected with HIV at the end of 2002 and controlling STI by a steady supply of resources, among other interventions, could contribute to lowering of the incidence of HIV. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey of fixed primary health care clinics offering STI services in three sub-districts of the Johannesburg Metro. A convenient sample of 22 fixed clinics was surveyed. The 11 Johannesburg Metro sub-districts were stratified according to suburban, township and inner-city. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. These were proportions(percentages) to summarise categorical data; and means were used to summarise numerical variables Results: All facilities had adequate equipment except for two clinics (10% of facilities), one in region 10 and the other in region 8. More than 70% of PHC facilities had clinical management guidelines in every consultation room. Over 60% of clinics reported having no IEC materials written in local language. All facilities had condoms strategically located in accessible places and only two reported condom stock-outs. Two clinics reported drugs stock-outs prior to assessment and only one reported drug stock-outs during the assessment. All the clinics offered services between 7am and 4pm daily and more than 80% of clinics offered counselling and HIV testing. Partner notification was a problem in facilities in all the regions.

With the prediction that South Africa will be water-stressed by the year 2025, it becomes necessary for all the cities in the country, including Johannesburg to take the necessary measures to ensure that they manage their water resources effectively in order to ensure the water security of their cities. This research report is a secondary case study of the groundwater situation in Johannesburg, which delves into the literature on groundwater and presents a review of the groundwater problems in Johannesburg and the management strategies used in managing the problems. Some of the groundwater issues identified in Johannesburg include recharge problems due to the geological formation and nature of aquifers in Johannesburg, and the growth and urbanization of Johannesburg, which places increasing demands on water. There is also the problem of pollution, the sources of which in Johannesburg are mainly municipal waste, industrial processes and mining activities. There are also institutional capacity problems regarding the management of groundwater in Johannesburg. The second aspect of the research report delves into the management strategies employed in the city of Johannesburg for the management of groundwater resources. Some of the management strategies or tools discussed include the National Water Resource Strategy 2 (NWRS), the Groundwater Strategy 2010, the guideline for the assessment, planning and management of groundwater resources in South Africa and the NORAD toolkit. Although these tools are well developed for the management of groundwater, there are deficiencies in implementation, which are mainly due to the undervaluation of the importance and significance of groundwater resources, shortage of expertise and adequate data, centralization of power, disregard of groundwater ecosystems and associated goods and services, and the lack of adaptive management. In order to deal with the issues and problems surrounding groundwater in Johannesburg, some of the solutions recommended include effective administration, capacity building and cooperative governance, acknowledging the importance of groundwater-dependent ecosystems, the need for adaptive management, and integrating supply side and demand side measures in the management of groundwater, and the development of a groundwater management framework (GWMF) for the city of Johannesburg. Key Words: Groundwater, sustainable development, management strategies, Johannesburg

ABSTRACT The significance of Local economic development (LED) in South Africa has grown since the historical democratic elections of 1994. At the same time the practice of urban branding has become widely notable since the 1990’s. This research report specifically focuses on the implications of branding to local economic development in the inner city of Johannesburg, using Main Street and the Newtown Cultural Precinct as case studies. A review of numerous theories for both LED and branding has been undertaking to provide a theoretical background to their development. The research report adopts an evolutionary/historical and comparative approach in examining the evolution of LED and branding so as to comprehend and appreciate their origins and developments in South Africa and abroad. The theoretical reviews of both LED and branding show that they have been influencing each other over time. The case studies also revealed a number of challenges such as: marginalisation, lack of co-ordination, rights and exclusion. This research report recommends the use of cultural planning in order to bridge the chasm between branding and LED in the city of Johannesburg. Through the cultural planning framework, the study employs planning theories such as Advocacy Planning, Equity Planning, Collaborative Planning, and Strategic Planning in order to address these challenges and to enhance representation in development processes, efficient allocation of resources, responsibilities, and integrated development. While these challenges requires a multi-pronged and integrated approach, it is notable that more research and awareness education need to be done to government, private businesses as well as the public. This will become even more important as the development of creative cities become crucial. This study, in a small way, opens up possibilities for further research on the branding of spaces and cultural planning, more especially for the economically-depressed areas and places that are not well-endowed in terms of cultural resources that can be used to create their brands and generate growth.

Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of the Built Environment (Housing), to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017 / Johannesburg like many rapidly urbanising cities around the world has the problem of a lack of affordable accommodation and inadequate access to basic services (Tissington, 2013). Residents in the inner city use spaces and buildings in a way that reclaims the promises of the city to a better life. As historian and cultural theorist Abdou Maliq Simone (2004) has noted people within African Cities have a probable tendency to improvise. In this research I use the concept of evolutionary resilience, which has been described to account for individuals and households ability adapt in constantly changing environments (Simmie & Martin, 2010) to explore the responses of residents to precarious living conditions and vulnerability that is created by conditions of insecure tenure and evictions. There is little comparative empirical research about how inner city residents talk about their lives and experiences. This research contributes to filling this gap by examining the experiences of residents and highlighting the ways in which as Cirugeda (2004) points to, residents often use empowerment strategies that encourage inhabitants to subvert laws and regulations, in order to maximise self-help by appropriating structures for better living conditions (Cirugeda 2004). This research utilises in depth interviews that were conducted within selected buildings in the inner city using a semi structured interview guide. The objective is to examine the strategies of coping with the exposure to risk and how individuals respond to these shocks. Şoitu (undated) states that vulnerability is a situation of social, economic and physiological need when individuals are marginalised and resilience is a personal resource that allows individuals to face stress and shocks and provides strength (Şoitu, undated). This research finds that there are many difficulties, threats and vulnerabilities that residents are exposed to and residents invoke various strategies and responses for coping. KEYWORDS ‘Bad buildings’, inner city, Johannesburg, vulnerability, evolutionary resilience, precarious living conditions, basic services, insecure tenure / XL2018