See also: Jojoba: An Annotated Bibliographic Update (1978), in the Additional Links field

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An annotated bibliography.

In vitro organogenesis of jojoba has been attempted using a variety of explants, and highly concentrated nutrient media similar to Murashige and Skoog medium. This study found that, unlike many other woody plant species, jojoba tissue is very sensitive to high concentration of mineral salts. Modified versions of Woody plant medium, and Lyrene medium were very successful for growth and proliferation of shoot apices. A multiplication rate of 50 shoots per original explant in 3 months was achieved in the presence of high concentration of Ca (22 meg/L), and an auxin cytokinin ratio of 20 (2 mg/L of BAP, and 0.1 mg/L of NAA). An average of 5 roots/shoot were obtained when the base of the shoots were wounded prior to treatment with 100 ppm IBA solution for 5 sec, and then subsequently cultured on a MS medium containing 10 mg/L IBA, and 0.1 mg/L NAA. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

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Jojoba albumins and globulins were treated with jojoba tannins to study the protein-tannin complex formation. Trypsin and chymotrypsin were also treated with jojoba tannins to determine the change of enzymatic activity. The treated albumins and globulins were fractionated by gel filtration before and after treatment. Two albumin fractions did not appear after treatment, but a new fraction appeared with a shorter elution time. A precipitate was formed by addition of jojoba tannins to the jojoba globulins, and two globulin fractions did not appear after treatment. Trypsin was completely inhibited by 5.80 μg of tannin/ml. Chymotrypsin was completely inhibited by 36.44 μg of tannin/ml. Seven two-hour successive extractions with methanol were sufficient to obtain a jojoba meal which, when mixed at 15% in a ration with soybean, resulted in excellent growth of mice. Detannification of jojoba meal with methanol and acid methanol extracted other toxicants, because mice fed 15% of this jojoba meal gained more weight than the control. Acid methanol extraction was more effective than methanol or aqueous extraction in removing tannins; water extracted more protein and less tannin.

Four clones of jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis (link, Schneider, were used to study the effects of salinity on the growth and physiological processes of jojoba. The vegetative growth as measured by shoot elongation, new branch development, node number, leaf expansion, new leaf production, and defoliation was studied using an iso-molar mixture of NaCl + CaCl₂ at -2, -4, -8, and -16 bars. Physiological processes including chlorophyll concentrations, CO₂ exchange rates, stomatal resistances, leaf water potentials, relative water content, leaf succulence, specific leaf weight, proline accumulation, and protein concentrations were measured at weekly intervals after the addition of salts. Twenty four days after exposure to salinity, plants were transferred to control solution in order to study the reversibility of the salt effects on jojoba. The inhibitory effects of salinity on shoot elongation was evident at -16 bars after 23 days of exposure to salinity. The number of new branches developed during the treatment period did not differ, however, the number of nodes formed on the new branches was less than that of the control. Leaf expansion was inhibited at -4, -8 and -16 bars. Leaf production was significantly reduced at -16 bars and it recovered during stress-release period. Leaf drop (defoliation) increased with increasing salinity. The inhibitory effects of salinity on jojoba's growth was reversible except for leaf expansion. Total chlorophyll concentrations were significantly reduced at 4 salinity levels and chlorophyll synthesis did not recover at -4, -8 and -16 bars during the stress-release period. CO₂ exchange processes including apparent photosynthesis, dark respiration, light respiration, and gross photosynthesis were not significantly affected up to -8 bars. However, at -16 bars, apparent photosynthesis and gross photosynthesis were reduced. Dark respiration was not affected significantly, however, light respiration was reduced at -4, -8, and -16 bars after 16 days of exposure to salinity. This reduction was due to the loss of the post-illumination burst of CO₂. It was concluded that the theory of growth suppression due to accelerated respiration is not true for jojoba. Therefore, the decreased rate of apparent photosynthesis could be attributed to the increased stomatal resistances which increased dramatically at -16 bars. Leaf water potentials were markedly reduced at -16 bars for 23 days which indicated a possible osmotic adjustment and jojoba's ability to tolerate higher salinity levels. Although the leaves produced during the treatment period did not show severe damage symptoms, however, frequent tip burn of the younger leaves at -16 bars indicated that -16 bars was near the salinity limit for jojoba. Leaf relative water content was reduced markedly at -8 and -16 bars which was correlated with leaf water potentials. Leaf succulence based on the ratio of fresh weight/dry weight and specific leaf weight were significantly increased at -16 bars. Increases in specific leaf weight which correlated with succulence, indicates that it was a function of increased leaf succulence and water accumulation. Free proline accumulated in response to salinity. However, there was no significant increase in proline levels until 23 days of exposure to -16 bars. Proline levels rapidly decreased to the control level during the stress-release period. It is believed that the accumulation of proline in jojoba does not function in osmotic regulation because of its low accumulation. Total protein concentrations were found to decrease due to high salinity levels (-16 bars). Although protein synthesis increased during the stress-release period, however, at -16 bars, no significant recovery was evident which indicated that the inhibition of protein synthesis rather than its breakdown was caused by high salt concentrations.