This bachelor's thesis is based on a Minor Field Study (MFS) conducted in Rabat and Casablanca, Morocco, April and May 2015. The aim is to study Moroccan journalists' attitudes towards citizen journalism and its impact on the role of the journalist: 1) With what claims do they define citizen journalists and journalists respectively? and 2) In what ways do these claims relate to the impact citizen journalists can be expected to have on the role of the journalist and freedom of expression in Morocco? In the discussion, theories on discourse, professionalism, journalistic ideals, and development journalism are applied. Semi-structured interviews in French were conducted with five journalists working within five different print and online publications. The material was analyzed according to a model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The interviewed journalists give accounts of how they are "condemned to be connected" to the vox populi that citizen journalists constitute. There is a prevalence of professionalism discourse where verification and objectivity are described as what characterizes a journalist. But respondents also emphasize "teamwork", and that "all journalists are citizen journalists", and these themes are interpreted as characteristic of development journalism. Within professional discourse in a development journalism context, the reliability of citizen journalists is downplayed. At the same time, citizen journalists are described as freer than professional journalists. In conclusion, it is considered likely that development journalist discourse sets an obstacle to the liberalizing impact of citizen journalism.

The present thesis is constructed upon the findings of a two month long field research, a Minor Field Study (MFS), in Casablanca, Morocco between February and April 2017. The aim is to understand how Moroccan satirical journalists can be understood in relation to the Moroccan media, and seeks out to answer the following research questions: 1) how can the relationship between Moroccan satirists and the majority media be theorized, and 2) how do the satirists relate to journalistic ideals in regard to the truth? The thesis was conducted by applying semi-structured interviews with six satirical journalists. The analysis is based on theories on public spheres, counterpublics, juxtaposition and journalistic ideals, and evolves as a discussion that intertwines the Moroccan and global media arena and the rise of a subjective narrative in global journalism. This thesis concludes that the Moroccan satirists are driven by ideals that are substantially in line with that which we connect to journalism. And while there are reasons to believe that the satirists of this thesis are countering the Moroccan media – a conclusion supported by factors such as hegemony, expression and content – I argue that it is more accurate to define the relationship between satirist and the dominant media as a juxtaposition. This is supported by the way the satirists view their work – accentuating the need to be truthful, responsible, and by acting as the public's surrogate when interrogating and questioning the power elite.

The aim of this study was to understand how Swedish journalists balance social media use with traditional journalistic ideals and journalism ethics in a context of increasing digitalization, in light of a number of journalistic profiles being criticized for sharing inappropriate content on their social media accounts. The study is rooted in Bourdieu’s field theory and the research questions pertained to how journalists, occupying different positions in the journalistic field, used and viewed social media in relation to journalistic ideals and -ethics as well as their news organizations’ social media policies. In order to answer the research questions, 12 in-depth interviews were conducted with Swedish journalists from five national publications. In the analysis, Bourdieu’s concepts of field, capital, habitus, but also practical sense and hysteresis were used to analytically describe the participants’ social media use.   The findings indicated that the participants used social media frequently in their work, which could be analyzed as part of the field’s doxa. Yet, they used different strategies of risk management on their own social media accounts in order to protect themselves and their well-being as well as not risking going against journalistic ideals and their organization’s social media policies, e.g., by avoiding posting own content, separating professional and personal content on different platforms and not being private on social media. Due to successful risk management and practical sense in regard to social media use, the participants experienced hysteresis to a very low extent. Finally, the analysis concluded with a discussion on potential implications the study has on the field’s autonomy, in terms of increased audience interaction and strength of journalistic ideals, which was seen as both weakening and potentially strengthening autonomy.  Key words: Journalistic field, Bourdieu, field theory, social media, digitalization, journalistic ideals, Sweden, hysteresis, autonomy

The purpose of this study has been to find out what possibilities the journalists at the newspaper Aftonbladet have to live up to the proposed ideas and values that defines journalism, as well as how these values are presented to the readers. With this as a starting-point we have studied what kind of society Aftonbladet presents to its readers as well as how this society is supposed to work and also what it`s like. To be able to answer this question we have first researched through theories and earlier studies, literature about journalism, media science, semiotics, history and laws. With the help of the investigation we found fitting tools to perform the analysis. With the theory as groundwork we have, through the qualitative approach analyzed seven news articles from seven Aftonbladet newspapers during one week. Our study shows that the Afonbladet’s journalists have not been able to present occurrences in society in a correct and impartial manner - because they exaggerate insignificant details and neglect to show real attention to serious societal structures by using sensationalism, dramatization and a very superficial approach to the stories that they are conveying. We have also been able to establish that it is impossible for journalists to follow up and live up to the ideals of journalism. Not only that, it’s also impossible for them to live up to the ideals that the Aftonbladet as a newspaper has assigned for itself. A probable explanation for this is that the journalism field is characterized by high productivity and demands that the news are supposed to be easily understood and have a specific news value. All of this combined amounts to that a lot of times the journalism becomes accentuated, one sided and simplified, all to lure readers every day because Aftonbladet’s main income comes from single copy sales.