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The products of our engineering works are everywhere and the safety and satisfactory performance of these works is the result of the deliberate inclusion of experience based judgement. The starting point for many of these works is the recognition of what has been done in the past, both successfully and unsuccessfully. Often however, a geotechnical engineer must rely on theory and to some degree, experimentation, in particular when advancing new methods of design and construction. This can be daunting when one considers that the natural materials we work with are highly complex with large variability and in some cases, uncertainty in their properties and behaviour. Analysis and decision making based on these properties includes a mix of theoretical and empirical techniques, requiring significant engineering judgement. The experience gained and lessons learned by geotechnical practitioners in the early 1900s are as valuable today as they were at that time and this becomes the hypothesis upon which the Author has prepared this document. It is often that a problem encountered today, was encountered and very likely solved in the past and that its resolution at that time can be applied (at least in principle) to modern practice. Little in engineering happens by chance and many failures are the result of a poor decision based on poor information, an underestimation of natural forces and laws of physics, or perhaps, the overestimation of one’s experience and ability. Successes on the other hand are often a culmination of supplementing intuition with experienced based judgement. Once one understands and appreciates the importance of taking advantage of the past experience of others and using this experience as a guide forward, then improved judgement and capacity for professional practice will result.

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Quel rapport entre Petőfi et Martí, deux poètes du XIXème siècle, et l’apocalypse? Sándor Petőfi (1823-1849), poète, écrivain et orateur hongrois, fut le fer de lance de la révolution hongroise de mars 1848, contre le régime des Habsbourg. José Martí (1853-1895), poète, écrivain et homme politique cubain, fut le créateur du Parti Révolutionnaire Cubain, en 1892, en exil, depuis New York, d’où il organisa la lutte armée contre les troupes espagnoles qui occupaient alors Cuba. Leurs écrits, fortement engagés dans le sens commun d’une lutte pour libérer leur peuple opprimé par une force tyrannique - les Habsbourg, en Hongrie, l’Espagne coloniale, à Cuba -, et pour la création d’une « république parfaitement égalitaire », selon les visées de Petőfi, et d’une « république juste », selon celles de Martí, contiennent un grand nombre de termes, d’expressions, de symboles et d’allusions apocalyptiques, dont la majorité appartient en propre au texte de l’Apocalypse mais également à d’autres livres de la Bible. Comment Petőfi et Martí ont-ils utilisé tout ce « réservoir » de mots et de symboles spécifiques, qui forme un « lexique de la fin des temps » ? Les deux poètes se présentent comme des visionnaires et parlent comme des prophètes. Pour son époque, Petőfi a prédit la fin désastreuse de la guerre d’indépendance hongroise en 1849, mais aussi a désigné un point final de l’histoire, quand surviendra le grand combat du bien contre le mal, après une « mer de sang », avec la victoire finale du bien, qui permettra l’avènement de la société idéale. Selon lui, le renouveau ne pourra se réaliser sans effusion de sang : la Révolution française fut le premier pas de la marche de l’humanité vers son âge adulte, quand elle a abandonné ses anciens jouets, les rois ; suivront d’autres révolutions, encore plus sanglantes – on peut penser à la révolution bolchevique de 1917 -, jusqu’à l’arrivée d’une ultime révolution. Martí a prédit la naissance de « Babylone la Grande » d’ Apocalypse 17, 5, la société moderne de consommation où tout va très vite et où l’amour est désacralisé, où la vie n’a plus aucun sens et où l’idée de Dieu devient confuse, ce qu’il a appelé le « démembrement de l’esprit humain » et la « décentralisation de l’intelligence », soit la société désacralisée alors émergente à la fin du XIXème siècle, avec le début de ses dérives actuelles : les monopoles économiques et les premiers démons de la mondialisation. Martí critique même le libéralisme et tous ses excès, déclarant que les hommes, de même qu’ils furent pendant longtemps les esclaves des tyrans, sont désormais devenus les esclaves de la liberté. Ainsi, Petőfi et Martí ont construit une véritable eschatologie, avec trois temps forts : la crise, le jugement et la justification. / What is the relation between Petőfi and Martí, two poets of the 19th century, and the apocalypse ? Sándor Petőfi (1823-1849), hungarian poet, writer and speech-maker, was the spearhead of the hungarian revolution of March 1848, against the Habsbourg’s regime. José Martí (1853-1895), cuban poet, writer and politician, was the creator of the Revolutionary Cuban Party, in 1892, in exile, from New York, where he organized the armed struggle against the spanish troops which occupied Cuba, at that time. Theirs writings, strongly committed in the sense of a fight to free their people oppressed by a tyrannical force, - the Habsbourg, in Hungary, the colonial Spain, in Cuba -, and for the creation of a « perfectly egalitarian republic », according to the designs of Petőfi, and a « right republic », according to those of Martí, contain an important number of apocalyptical words, expressions, symbols and allusions, of which majority belong exclusively to the text of the Book of Revelation but also to others books of the Bible. How did Petőfi and Martí use this « reservoir » of specific words and symbols, which forms a lexicon of the end of the times ? The two poets present themselves as visionaries and speak as prophets. For his time, Petőfi foreshowed the disastrous end of the hungarian independance war in 1849, but also indicated a final point of the history, when will occur the big fight between the good and the bad, after a « sea of blood », with the final victory of the good, which will allow the advent of the ideal society. According to him, the revival can not be realized without bloodshed : the French Revolution was the first step of the march of humanity to its adult age ; others revolutions will follow, more bloody – it is possible to think about the Bolshevik revolution of 1917 -, till the final revolution. Martí foreshowed the birth of « the Great Babylon » of the Book of Revelation 17, 5, the modern society of consumption where everything go quickly and where the love is deconsecrated, where the life has got no sense and where the idea of God is vague, all those early warning signs of the end, which he had called the « dismemberment of the human spirit » and the « decentralization of the intelligence », namely the emergent society at the end of the XIXth century, with the begining of its current excesses : the economic monopolies and the first hellkites of the globalization. Martí criticizes even the neo-liberalism, declaring that the men, like in the past when they were the slaves of the tyrants, are now the liberty’s slaves. Thus, Petőfi and Martí built a true eschatology, with three important times : the crisis, the judgement and, at the end, the justification.

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The goal of my Master's degree thesis is to describe the relation between an action and a judgment. My paper is divided into 9 chapters and several subchapters. After a general introduction in chapter 1, I describe the civil procedure and its basic principles in chapter 2. Chapter 3 is focused on describing an action and a judgment separately. It defines both of these acts, an action as an act of a plaintiff, a judgment as an act of a court. This basic definition is followed by an explanation of what form must these two acts have (written, oral, electronic…) according to the Czech Civil Procedure Code. In the next subchapter I describe the main requirements of these two acts (an action - court address, names of a plaintiff and a respondent, names of their representatives…, a judgment - a verdict, a justification and guidance on appeals). Chapter 4 provides the relation between an action requirement and a judgment verdict. A plaintiff summarizes his/her requests in an action requirement. By that he/she is presenting the dispute to the court. The court deals with plaintiffs' requests in his verdict. We can say the verdict of the court is destined by the action requirement. In the last subchapter of chapter 4 I am presenting several examples of action requirements and judgment verdicts. In Chapter 5...

Clinical decision-making (CDM) research has focused on diagnostic reasoning, CDM models, factors influencing CDM and the development of expertise. The research approaches used, including phenomenology, have not addressed the question of how CDM is perceived and approached by nurses. This study describes perceptions of CDM in relation to patients in pain using a phenomenographic methodology. At semi-structured interviews, participants were asked to recall their responses to a situation involving a patient in pain. The responses fell into four categories: (1) the effect of the clinical environment; (2) the role of other health professionals; (3) the place of the patient; and (4) the role of experience. Examples of differences in perceptions that were likely to impact on the nurses� approach to CDM include: the ongoing effects of time and workload demands on CDM; nurses are initially dependent but were eventually able to make decisions autonomously; the patient who may be peripheral or central to CDM; and the nurses� move from the use of theoretical principles to experiential knowledge as reflection-on-practice is employed. Perceptions in all categories are strongly implicated in the nurses� sense of confidence and independence. Implications for nursing practice and nursing education suggested by the findings relate to the number of areas in which graduates work in the first year of practice, the size of new graduate workloads, graduate transition programs, the place of reflection-on-practice and undergraduate (UG) program clinical experience patterns. Among issues for further research arising from the study are: replication of the study; detailed examination of the development of CDM in the first year of nursing practice and during UG nursing education programs; the role of other health professionals in the development of CDM behaviour; the links between CDM and clinical knowledge development; and the type of clinical environments that foster confidence and independence. A conclusion of the study is that the way CDM is approached is influenced by the amount, quality, relevancy and recency of clinical experience. In this study, phenomenography was shown to be an appropriate approach to the description of nurses� perceptions of CDM in relation to patients in pain. In addition, nurses� changing perceptions over two years and the subsequent effect on CDM behaviour were described.