Inaug.-diss.--Heidelberg. / Lebenslauf. "Literaturverzeichnis": p. [7]-8.

Theses (M.A.)--Marshall University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Includes abstract. Document formatted into pages: contains v, 52 pages. Bibliography: p.46-52.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Canterbury, 2006. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-91). Also available via the World Wide Web.

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This work traces the history of the juvenile correction system in twentieth century New South Wales, focusing on the evolution of major reforms aimed at curbing delinquency. The study begins in 1905 with the Neglected Children and Juvenile Offenders Act. It concludes in 1988, when another set of significant reforms, designed to deal with perceived inadequacies of the established system, commenced. The main focus of the thesis is the government system of corrections. Although there was an active non - government correction system, this sector was increasingly absorbed by the larger public sphere. The principal argument is that, although there were sporadic periods during which changes to the system were made, its progress through most of the twentieth century was characterised by an underlying attitude which regarded the boys and girls it dealt with, particularly those committed to institutions, as belonging to an inferior, delinquent class. As such, they were treated as the progeny of a criminal class destined for the most part to remain part of that class. This idea of a delinquent class coloured all aspects of the way juveniles were treated, specifically lack of resources, the dominance of economic considerations over the welfare of children, excessive regimentation, harsh discipline and illegal punishments. When management problems arose they were met with increased coercion. Although lip-service was paid to the ideal of child saving, reality did not match the rhetoric. Programs which ostensibly were meant to individualise treatment so that it was tailored to suit each child, were carried out perfunctorily. Periodic and well-meaning efforts at reform were stifled by bureaucratic inertia, political considerations, and the entrenched belief that incarceration was preferable to treatment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sensation seeking and the preference for rap-music stimulation of young offenders. In the initial pilot study 18 participants rated the stimulation level of the music and lyrics for 12 pieces of rap music. Based on participants? responses, four pieces of rap-music categories were selected for the main study, representing the category of: 1) high stimulation with aggressive lyrics (HSAL), 2) high stimulation with nonaggressive lyrics (HSNL), 3) low stimulation with aggressive lyrics (LSAL), and 4) low stimulation with non-aggressive lyrics (LSNL). In the main study, 55 students were recruited from a juvenile detention hall, which was an all-male facility for ages 13 to 18. All participants completed a demographic questionnaire and a Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS). Participants then rated their preference for each of the four musical selections. Finally, participants indicated their most liked and least liked rap selections as well as a narrative explanation. The BSSS scores were analyzed to determine the participants? characteristics of sensation seeking regarding four subscales: 1) experience seeking, 2) boredom susceptibility, 3) thrill and adventure seeking, and 4) disinhibition. The results of BSSS and preference scores were analyzed to determine the relationships between sensation seeking and participants? preference for the different stimulation levels of rap music. The results of the present study statistically significantly indicated that most participants preferred aggressive lyrics, regardless of the sensation-seeking level and music-stimulation level. The narrative responses appeared to support the significance of aggressive lyrics as participants reported that they were able to identify themselves with the lyrics. The preference for aggressive lyrics, as validated through the narrative responses, indicated that the life experiences of the participants paralleled those described in the rap lyrics.

Abstract We examined the effects of different live food¡Bwater quality and environmental factor on the survival rate and growth of newborn Hippocampus kuda, in the laboratory, Three experiments were conducted: (1) effects of food organisms using three species i.e., Schmackeria dubia¡BArtemia sp. and Brachionus sp.; (2) effects of adding algae water to aquaria, and(3) effects of side-illumination and habitat. The survival rate and growth rate, were used to assess the responses of seahorses. The results showed that the growth of seahorses fed with copepod is the best, 28 days old seahorses are 127 ¡Ó 8mg (mean of three replicates ¡Ó 1se) in wet weight¡B32.38 ¡Ó 0.79mm in body length and the survival rate is 92.0 ¡Ó 0%. Copepod + artemia group are 69 ¡Ó 5mg¡B27.23 ¡Ó 0.35mm and 90.7 ¡Ó 5.8%. Rotifer + Copepod group are 86 ¡Ó 8mg¡B28.36 ¡Ó 1.04mm and 88.0 ¡Ó 4.0%. Rotifer + artemia group are 26 ¡Ó 1mg¡B19.77 ¡Ó 0.31mm and 68.0 ¡Ó 0%. Artemia group are 45 ¡Ó 2mg¡B23.29 ¡Ó 0.41mm and 38.7 ¡Ó 3.5%. The lowest survival rate occurs in the rotifer group and the no-feed group, all seahorses were dead on the sixteenth day and the thirteenth day, respectively. Copepods were used as food organisms in side-illumination ¡Balgae and habitat experimental designs. The difference were all signify- cant between the side-illumination and no side-illumination group¡G97.3 ¡Ó 1.3%¡B68.0 ¡Ó 6.9%( p=0.014, ANOVA, Fisher¡¦s PLSD)¡A126 ¡Ó 3mg¡B101 ¡Ó 5mg(p=0.013) and 32.51 ¡Ó 0.30mm¡B29.32 ¡Ó 0.75mm(p=0.017)¡C The body length was significant difference between algae fed and no-algae group: 25.40 ¡Ó 0.63mm¡B23.23 ¡Ó 0.44 mm(p= 0.047). The survival rate¡Bbody weight and body length were all no significant difference between habitat and no habitat group. To sum up, the living food is a major factor affecting survival and growth. And the side-illumination method can increase both. So the suitable living food and aquaculture engineer designs have great potential to raise more seahorses.