No description available.

Twelve weanling male rats averaging 50 g were used in this study. One half of them were fed a vitamin E-deficient (E-def) diet and the remainder a vitamin E-sufficient (E-suff) diet. All animals were killed after a 4-week feeding period, and their liver mitochondria isolated. State 4 and state 3 oxidative metabolism of E-def and E-suff rat liver mitochondria using three substrate conditions: endogenous, pyruvate plus malate, and α-ketoglutarate, were measured by oxygen electrode analysis. Statistically significant differences were seen among state 4 respiration with α-ketoglutarate, state 4 respiration(combined data with endogenous, pyruvate plus malate and α-ketoglutarate), state 3 endogenous respiration, and state 3 respiration (combined data with endogenous, pyruvate plus malate, and α-ketoglutarate) of E-def and E-suff rat liver mitochondria. In vitro vitamin E addition studies were carried out to measure any toxic or beneficial effects of the vitamin on liver mitochondrial respiration from both groups. No significant effect of in vitro additions of vitamin E on liver mitochondrial respiration was found. Liver mitochondria from E-def rats generally had faster respiration rates than those from E-suff animals. It is possible that the effect of vitamin E deficiency on the membranes of the mitochondria accounted for these results. If so, then those mitochondria deficient in the vitamin could become swollen and broken allowing substrates to enter the mitochondria at a faster rate and thus be utilized faster. It is postulated that vitamin E may play an important role in the body by maintaining proper liver mitochondrial respiration through the vitamin's beneficial influence on mitochondrial membranes. / Master of Science

No description available.

No description available.

The thesis is concerned with some of the properties of positive and negative ions in liquid Helium, and in particular with the passage of ions, which are generated inside the liquid, through the free liquid surface into vapour. It was found, for negative ions, that this process was inhibited by an energy barrier, in agreement with other workers who have examined this problem, although there is considerable disagreement as to the magnitude of the barrier. It has been observed in the present work that the energy barrier depends upon the field, the position of the liquid surface in an ion cell, and the nature of the ion cell itself. The dependence of the barrier on these three parameters probably explains why diverse values for it have been reported. It was originally intended to use the ions as probes to examine dissipation mechanisms in the mobile superfluid Helium film. It had been reliably reported that ions preferentially travelled in the film. This was observed not to be the case however. The negative ion currents sin the film were found to be extremely small, when they existed at all, and no real positive ion currents in the film could be detected. This has been interpreted as being due to the combination of the large image potential binding the ion to the substrate, and the intrinsic roughness of the substrate. The present work has revealed that what appears at first sight to be a current of positive ions crossing the liquid surface can be attributed to a current of photoelectrons due to photoelectric emission from the surface of the collector. Such photoemission can arise from the uv radiation produced largely by ionic recombination in the region close to the a-emitting source. Screening the collector from the direct view of the a-source greatly reduced the photoelectron current. In order to extend the temperature range available, for the study of ion currents, a vortex refrigerator was designed and constructed. This enabled measurements to be extended down to 0.8K. Since there has been only one publication on the vortex refrigerator, which appeared during the building of the present one, its properties and operation with various design parameters were studied in detail.

The Catholic community of post-Settlement England relied upon devotional literature to sustain the faith of individuals who were generally deprived of the sacraments and contact with Catholic clergy. Increasingly, these books were used not only to promote Catholic spirituality, but to encourage greater fidelity and loyalty to the Catholic church. The genre is represented by texts which vary greatly and which accommodated a wide and disparate audience with different devotional requirements and even with varying degrees of attachment to the Catholic faith. The period was one of tremendous religious literary activity on the Continent and those who were involved in the production and distribution of Catholic literature drew heavily upon the spiritual books which were issuing in such great numbers from the commercial presses in France and the Netherlands. Translating the devotional works of the spiritual masters of the day proved to be a tremendously effective way of providing English readers with books of orthodox devotion, while at the same time drawing the isolated community into the wider world of Catholic renewal. Providing Catholic devotional texts to a persecuted audience under tremendous pressure to conform very often drew that audience into the fray of controversy and the quarrel of religious disputation. The line between devotion and controversy was thin and often crossed, and devotional books were frequently used as a method of promoting not only Catholic spirituality, but Catholic loyalty as well. Thus, these books, like other devotional artefacts, were considered dangerous to the religious - and political - stability of England. In the contemporary situation these devotional books were clearly regarded as effective tools for maintaining Catholicism in England, both by those who produced them and by those who sought to destroy them. The study of these books can help us to appreciate that important role and the place of devotional literature in the wider context of confessional conflict.

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Killer yeasts secrete polypeptide toxins which kill sensitive cells of their own species and frequently those of other species and genera of yeasts. These protein compounds are designated as killer toxins. Also killer toxins of certain yeast strains have potential growth inhibitory activity on gram-positive pathogenic bacteria and plant pathogenic fungi. The yeasts are immune to their own killer protein. The killer phenomenon can be utilized for the protection of fermentation process against contaminating yeasts and for biological control of undesirable yeasts in the preservation of foods. The killer trait can also be used to produce large amount of foreign proteins in yeast. In the medical field , it is thought that their anti-microbial and anti-mycotic activity could be exploited in a therapeutic strategy. Yeast killer toxins are classified into 11 types according to their killing spectra and immunity-specificities such as K1, K2, etc. Altough there is considerable amount of published information concerning the applications of yeast killer toxins , among the 11 types , only K1 , K2 and K6 have been characterized. In this study , it was aimed to purify and characterize the K4 type yeast killer toxin secreted by the Hansenula anomala NCYC 432. Gel permeation chromatography was performed to isolate the killer toxin by using a HPLC system. The toxin was shown to be a glycoprotein having a molecular mass of between 49.08 kDa and 47.25 kDa and isoelectric point of between 3.77 and 3.41.

Vitamin K is a fat soluble compound which is synthesized by the gut microbiota and produced in many tissues within the body. Considering its role in the liver as a cofactor for gamma carboxylase enzymes, treatment of dark circles and pigments under the eye among others. It is clear that is some circumstances vitamin K has to cross biological barriers, particularly, when the vitamin is produced by microbiota in the intestine or applied topically on skin. Thus it is important to develop methods that allow studies of vitamin K permeability through the skin including its participation in redox reactions and transdermal permeability. Taking into account that transdermal permeability is strongly limited for high molecular weight compounds, i.e., compounds with higher than 500Da, the study was conducted with vitamin K of  lower molecular weight. Specifically vitamin K4 model, i.e., 1,4-dihydroxy-2 naphthoic acid, with molecular weight of 204g/mol. Vitamin K4 is suitable for this kind of study , because it can work as reducing (antioxidant) compound as well as has relatively beneficial physicochemical characteristics for transdermal permeability. Permeability studies were conducted with skin covered oxygen electrode and franz diffusion cell. Data from measurements were analyzed to estimate diffusion coefficients, apparent Michaelis-Menten constants and flux of a vitamin K4 model whilst contribution of different permeability pathways was determined theoretically.

The Swedish armed forces are growing, and six regiments are going to be re-established. The military appeared to be neglected for a long time in organization science, but in the last decade there has been a renewed interest in researching army organizations. But there have not been any studies about how growing organizations learn. The purpose of this study is to implement Visser’s modern military theory about capability and battlefield performance in a semi-structured interview analysis. The focus of this study is the army ranger battalion, which is one of the six regiments that are going to be re-established. The question at issue is to which extent the army ranger battalion utilized organizational learning. Results show that a productive learning cycle is found in 70% of the examined sub-dimensions and positive indications were a high degree of participative decision making and networks for translating and storing information. The sub-dimensions that had potential for improvement was indicated by a lower degree of communication between the older and younger officer corps and strict regulations.