No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Dentate microcircuitry is thought to be involved in filtering, integrating, and relaying extrinsic hippocampal inputs to the hippocampus proper, which contributes to memory formation and retrieval. The axons of granule cells are called mossy fibres (MFs), and contain multiple terminal types that form characteristic synaptic connections with their postsynaptic targets. This diversity of presynaptic release sites that exists on the same MF provides an extremely interesting axonal type to study the organizing principles of presynaptic release regulation. A remarkable set of neurotransmitters and receptors present at the MF synaptic complex allow diverse computational modification of information from the dentate gyrus to the hippocampus. There are several types of glutamate receptors expressed at MF, such as group II/III mGluRs and kainate receptors (KARs). Presynaptic KARs modulate transmission at MF-CA3 pyramidal cell synapses; however, it is not known whether presynaptic KARs affect other synapses made by MFs. The aim of the first part of this thesis was to establish the principles of synapse-specific actions of presynaptic KARs in MFs. Combining electrophysiology and calcium imaging, this study provides compelling evidence that presynaptic KARs and Ca²⁺ stores can be activated by glutamate release from a single action potential in a single MF axon. This contributes to short-term, use-dependent facilitation of presynaptic Ca²⁺ entry and glutamate release exclusively at MF-CA3 pyramidal cell synaps, but not at other MF synapses, on hilar mossy cells or interneurons. Thus, our findings indicate that the presynaptic KARs, coupled with intracellular stores, exist in a synapse-specific autoreceptor mechanism. Activation of KARs strengthened MF-CA3 pyramidal cell synapses by increasing the Ca²⁺ influx at giant boutons, which might also contribute to the KAR-dependent hyper-excitability of the MF circuitry related to the mechanisms of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This makes KARs good potential targets for therapies in CNS disorders such as epilepsy and other neurological and psychiatric disorders. The second part of this thesis was to explore the actions on the hippocampus of purified antibodies from a limbic encephalitis (LE) patient. LE is a CNS disease characterized by subacute onset of memory loss and temporal lobe seizures. The serum of these patients strongly labels MFs apparently co-localizing with the VGKC. The patients improve with immunotherapies that reduce the VGKC antibody levels in the serum, thus, strongly suggesting that these antibodies cause the condition. We found that LE serum IgGs enhance CA3 pyramidal cell excitability by blocking α-DTX sensitive VGKCs, which results in the increased release of glutamate. This, in turn, strengthens and desynchronizes MF and CA3 pyramidal cells synaptic transmission. However, these effects were occluded by α-DTX, a Kv1.1, Kv1.2 and Kv1.6 antagonist which, when applied alone, mimicked the action of the LE IgG, suggesting that they may share similar mechanisms of action. In contrast serum taken from healthy control patients had no significant effect under same recording conditions. Thus, this study provides the first evidence that the LE IgG functionally affects VGKC containing Kv1.1, Kv1.2 and/or Kv1.6 at both presynaptic MF axon terminals as well as the postsynaptic somatodendritic domain of CA3 pyramidal cells. Whatever defines the exact nature of LE IgG action, our results suggest that drugs acting specifically as openers of VGKC might help to protect the hippocampus from immune-mediated damage. In conclusion my data is consistent with the increasingly documented idea that MFs play a critical role in regulating the excitability of the hippocampal circuits and the dysfunction of MF transmission profoundly impairs hippocampal function.

Kainate receptor knockout mice have unique differences within their immune system. They exhibit an attenuated TH2 branch, while maintaining a robust TH1 response. Specifically, blocking the formation of functional kainate receptors affects mast cells and their related pathologies. While they seem to develop and activate normally in vivo and in vitro, KAR KO mast cells release more inflammatory mediators upon degranulation. These mice experience severe anaphylactic shock due to two compounding abnormalities. First, KAR KO mast cells release significantly more histamine in vivo upon IgE-mediated activation. Second, the animals over-respond to exogenous histamine with drastic temperature drops compared to WT. This report shows that the kainate receptor plays an important role in mast cell-mediated immune responses.

Les noyaux supraoptiques (NSO) de l’hypothalamus sont composés de neurones magnocellulaires (NMCs) synthétisant et sécrétant l’ocytocine (OT) ou la vasopressine (VP). L’OT est impliquée dans des fonctions de reproduction comme la parturition et la lactation, la VP quant à elle participe à l’homéostasie hydrominérale et vasculaire. La libération de VP et d’OT dans la neurohypophyse est contrôlée par l’activité électrique des NMCs, elle-même régulée par les principales afférences glutamatergiques et GABAergiques qu’ils reçoivent. Les récepteurs kaïnate (rKA) pré-synaptiques exercent une action modulatrice sur la libération de neurotransmetteur dans le système nerveux central (SNC). Cet effet peut basculer de facilitateur à inhibiteur en augmentant la concentration d’agonistes des rKA. Ils peuvent également être présents sur le compartiment post-synaptique et participer à la réponse synaptique. Nous avons démontré, pour la première fois que des rKA fonctionnels sont présents dans le NSO, à la fois sur les afférences GABAergiques et glutamatergiques mais également sur les NMCs eux-mêmes. Les rKA contenant la sous-unité GluR5 régulent différemment la transmission glutamatergique sur les neurones à OT et à VP. En effet, l’application d’agonistes exogènes pour ces récepteurs induit un effet diamétralement opposé sur ces neurones, un effet facilitateur sur les neurones à OT et inhibiteur sur les neurones à VP, dû à la présence de GluR5 uniquement sur ces derniers. En effet, l’activation de ce récepteur post-synaptique induit la libération d’un messager rétrograde, vraisemblablement la dynorphine, responsable de l’inhibition de la transmission glutamatergique. En ce qui concerne la régulation de la transmission GABAergique, nous avons pu démontrer que l’augmentation de glutamate ambiant générée par la rétraction des processus gliaux se produisant dans le NSO de rate allaitante était suffisante pour inverser l’effet des rKA de facilitateur à inhibiteur sur la libération de GABA. Cette inversion de l’effet des rKA est causée par une modification du mode d’action de ces récepteurs du type ionotropique au type métabotropique. Les résultats obtenus au cours de mes travaux de thèse montrent donc que les récepteurs kaïnate sont présents sur l’ensemble des sites de la synapse dans le NSO de l’hypothalamus de rats adultes. De plus, ces rKA régulent différemment les neurones à OT et les neurones à VP, ce qui suggère qu’ils pourraient jouer des rôles importants dans la régulation de leur activité et des processus physiologiques les impliquant. / Magnocellular neuroendocrine cells (MNCs) from the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus synthesize and release the hormones oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP). OT is involved principally in reproductive functions such as parturition and lactation, whereas VP plays a key role in body fluid and cardiovascular homeostasis. The release of OT and VP from the neurohypophysis is controlled by the electrical activity of hypothalamic MNCs, which is itself regulated by GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic inputs. Presynaptic kainate receptors (KARs) exert a modulatory action on transmitter release in different structures of the central nervous system. This effect can be switched from facilitation to inhibition by an increased concentration of KAR agonists. KAR can also be present postsynaptically where they were shown to participate to the synaptic response in some brain regions. We have demonstrated for the first time that functional KARs were present on GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs as well as on SON neurons. GluR5-containing KARs differentially regulate glutamatergic transmission on OT and VP neurons. Indeed, applications of exogenous agonists of GluR5 induced opposite effects, a facilitatory effect on OT neurons and an inhibitory effect on VP neurons, the latter resulting from an indirect action mediated by postsynaptic GluR5-containing KARs on VP neurons. Thus, activation of these receptors induced the release of a retrograde messenger, probably dynorphin, which in turn act presynaptically to inhibit glutamate release. Regarding the modulation of GABAergic transmission in the SON, we here showed that the increased levels of ambient glutamate associated with the physiological withdrawal of astrocytic processes occuring during lactation could modify the activity of presynaptic KARs. We demonstrated for the first time that a physiological astrocytic plasticity modifies the mode of action of presynaptic KARs from ionotropic to metabotropic, thereby inversing their coupling with GABA release from facilitation into inhibition. The results obtained during my PhD have thus showed that KARs are present both pre-and post-synaptically on adult MNCs. Moreover, KARs differentially regulate OT and VP neurons, which suggest that KARs could play key roles in the regulation of their activity and in physiological processes in which MNCs are involved

D-Serine is regarded as an obligatory co-agonist required for the activation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs). In the retina D-serine and a second NMDAR coagonist, glycine, are present at similar concentration and the cells that produce and release them are in close apposition. This arrangement allows for an abundant supply of coagonists and under certain conditions the NMDAR coagonist binding site could be saturated. There is also evidence suggesting that D-serine can act in an inhibitory manner at AMPA/kainate-type glutamate receptors (GluRs). Glutamate receptor activation can lead to direct and indirect elevation of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration ([Ca2+]i). Therefore, in this thesis, I predominantly used Ca2+ imaging techniques to study the effect of D-serine on GluR activation in the mammalian retina. I first describe a novel method I developed to load retinal cells with Ca2+ indicator dye using electroporation and show that retinas remain viable and responsive following electroporation. This technique was used to explore the excitatory role of D-serine at NMDARs and its potential inhibition of AMPA/kainate receptors using cultured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and isolated retina preparations. Using cultured RGCs I demonstrated that D-serine and glycine enhance NMDAR-mediated Ca2+ responses in a concentration-dependent manner and are equally effective as coagonists. In isolated retinas I showed that D-serine application enhanced NMDA-induced responses consistent with sub-saturating endogenous coagonist concentration. Degradation of endogenous D-serine reduced NMDAR-mediated Ca2+ responses supporting the contribution of this coagonist to NMDAR activation in the retina. Using imaging and two different electrophysiological approaches, I found that D-serine reduced AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated responses in cultured RGCs and isolated retinas at concentrations that are saturating at NMDARs. Antagonist experiments suggest that the majority of inhibition is due to D-serine acting on AMPA receptor activity. Degradation of endogenous D-serine enhanced AMPA/kainate-induced responses of some cells in isolated retina suggesting that, under these conditions, D-serine concentration may be sufficient to inhibit AMPA receptor activity. Overall, the work in this thesis illustrates the utility of electroporation as a method to load Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dyes into retinal cells and highlights the potential role for D-serine as a modulator of ionotropic GluRs in the CNS.