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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

Kartering av karst på Gotland med LiDAR - en metodstudie / Using LiDAR for mapping karst on the island of Gotland, in the Baltic Sea - a methodology study

Stocklassa Palmlöv, Christine January 2015 (has links)
LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is an active remote sensing system which is used to map the surface of the Earth and which can be processed to show the ground surface under the canopy cover. The aim of this study is to examine if LiDAR can be used as a method for mapping karst on the island of Gotland, what kind of karst morphologies may be identified and their geographical distribution. LiDAR was visualized in the computer platform ArcGIS and in ArcMap version 10.3 (Esri). More than 2000 karst objects were mapped using LiDAR. Of these, eight different locations including 34 potential karst objects were chosen for field control. Six different classes of karst have been identified including three classes of dolines. The results show that LiDAR can be used for mapping karst, especially the bigger karst morphologies which are easier to identify. The results from the field control show that 45 % of the small dolines, 43 % of the medium sized dolines and 33 % of the large dolines which has been mapped in LiDAR were actual dolines. For larger scale karst morphologies the success rate was almost 100 %. The method did not lend itself well to identification of sinkholes, most likely related to the very small size of these on Gotland.
132

Microbe-mineral affinity in sulfuric acid karst systems

Jones, Aaron Alexander 04 October 2011 (has links)
Microbial communities influence the kinetics and pathways of reactions involved in the dissolution of a number of minerals (Ehrlich 1996). On a smaller scale these interactions can affect substrate permeability, porosity, and create highly localized biogeochemical conditions. However, a mechanistic understanding of the consequences of microbial surface colonization on calcite dissolution rate has yet to be achieved. More specifically, little is known about the impact of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria activity on the rate of carbonate mineral dissolution, or the nature of the microbe-limestone attachment and interaction. Through a series of laboratory and field experiments the effect of mineral surface colonization by microbial communities, obtained from an active sulfuric acid cave (Lower Kane Cave (LKC), Big Horn Basin, WY), on the dissolution rate of Madison Limestone was quantified. Results from laboratory experiments showed that a microbial biofilm, composed primarily of Epsilonproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria growing on a limestone surface oxidized thiosulfate and increased carbonate dissolution rates up to 3.3 times faster than abiotic rates. When all thiosulfate substrate was withheld the community oxidized stored intracellular sulfur, continuing to accelerate limestone dissolution and decreasing pH. This process is sensitive to O2 limitations. Characterization of this aggressive sub-biofilm corrosion was more closely examined by SEM imaging. By comparing mineral surface morphology of colonized chips to non-colonized chips of various carbonate substrates, it was shown that even under conditions near equilibrium with calcite, aggressive dissolution of carbonate substratum occurs exclusively beneath the biofilm. These findings support the hypothesis that (1) sulfur-oxidizing microbial communities aggressively dissolve carbonates in order to buffer the production of excess acidity by neutrophilic communities and (2) biofilm presence affects carbonate mineral dissolution by physically separating a bulk stream water from the sub-biomat environment. Furthermore, it was found that mineralogy affects the degree of establishment of microbial communities in this environment. Results from a series of four laboratory and one in situ reactor experiment showed that limestone and dolostone substratum consistently had higher biomass accumulations than silicate minerals or pure Iceland spar calcite in the same reactor. These results provide evidence to support the hypothesis that mineralogy influences microbial accumulation in sulfuric-acid karst systems. Particularly, neutrophilic sulfur-oxidizing communities accumulate in greater quantities on solid substrates that buffer metabolically-generated acidity. These results also demonstrated the dependence of microorganisms on colonization of a particular mineral surface, possibly in order to gain access to micronutrients bound within solid substrates when exposed to nutrient-limited conditions. / text
133

Η γεωλογία και η εδαφογένεση της λεκάνης Δαμασίου, Θεσσαλία και ο ρόλος τους στην κατείσδυση των κρημνισμάτων / Geology and soil formation of Damasion basin, Thessaly and the role of the soil in the infiltration of water.

Τσιούκα, Μαρία 14 May 2007 (has links)
Έγιναν 12 αβαθείς γεωτρήσεις (μέγιστο βάθος 1,5m) και λήφθηκαν δείγματα ανά 10 εκατοστά, στο νότιο τμήμα της λεκάνης Δαμασίου στη Θεσσαλία. Το σύνολο των δειγμάτων (36 δείγματα) αναλύθηκαν στο εργαστήριο και έγινε επί τόπου περιγραφή των πυρήνων των γεωτρήσεων. Έπιπλέον έγινε λεπτομερής χαρτογράφηση των εδαφών σε κλίμακα 1:5000. Ο στόχος της διατριβής ήταν να υπολογισθεί ο ρόλος των εδαφικών τύπων στην κατείσδυση του νερού στο καρστικό σύστημα Αμυγδαλέας - Τυρνάβου. Τα στοιχεία που προέκυψαν από τις αναλύσεις δείχνουν ότι μόνο κατά θέσεις ενισχύεται το καρστικό σύστημα, αφού η περατότητα΄που υπολογίσθηκε ήταν μικρή. Το μεγαλύτερο μέρος του ύψους της βροχής απορρέει προς τον Τιταρήσιο ποταμό, που βρίσκεται πλησίον της λεκάνης στο βόρειο τμήμα αυτής. / This study is based on a series of 12 shallow boreholes at a maximum depth of about 1,5m, within the southermost part of Damasion basin, Thessaly. From the boreholes we collected 36 soil samples for laboratory analysis while the entire borehole were described in the field using Mansel Index and lithology description. in the laboratoty samples were analysed for grain size analysis, moisture, plasticity, liquid limiti and placticity. In addition the study area were mapped in a scale of 1:5000. In this study, we have taken the opportunity to investigate the role of the soil in the infiltration of water to the karst system Amugdalea - Tyrnabou. The results showed that only in same places water contributed in the underground movement of the karst system. The hydraulic contuctivity had poor to medium values.
134

Geomorphologic investigations on karst terrain : a GIS-assisted case study on the island of Barbados

Huang, Hsin-Hui, 1976- January 2007 (has links)
Maintaining a safe water supply is particularly crucial for karst islands such as Barbados. In order to take proper measures to prevent and reduce saltwater intrusion and to safely extract the right fraction of recharge, karst characteristics must first be fully understood. Geomorphologic investigations of karst surface features of the Porters & Trents groundwater catchments (Barbados) employed GIS technologies to explore the development and distribution of sinkhole features. Contour-based digital elevation models, surface geology, lithology, and remote sensing images were incorporated in this investigation. Seventy-six sinkholes were investigated and occupied approximately 1% (0.16 km2) of the total area (16.41 km2) under study. It was found that age of karstification is not related to age of a terrace. The middle terrace was the one found to be most karstified. Yet, degree of karstification within a terrace is age related. Also, cluster density increases with age of coral within the middle terrace. Density of sinkholes within a cluster also increases with age of coral within the middle terrace. / Finally, this study shows that sinkhole long axis, cluster elongation direction, sinkhole alignment and karst lineament all have a tendency to a northeast alignment. This supports the idea that underlying coral rock fracture and conduits have a northeast orientation.
135

LATEST QUATERNARY PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTION UTILIZING STABLE ISOTOPIC AND TRACE ELEMENT PROXIES IN A STALAGMITE FROM CULVERSON CREEK CAVE, WEST VIRGINIA

Gilbert, Ashley Nicole 01 January 2010 (has links)
A reconstruction of regional climate variability in southern West Virginia that spans the last glacial/interglacial transition is presented. Paleoclimate interpretations obtained from the 50-cm long stalagmite provide key insights regarding the timing, magnitude, and forcing mechanisms responsible for past climate variability. Stable isotopic (δ18O and δ13C) and trace element (Ba, Sr, Mg) signatures from samples contiguously milled along the growth-axis of a 230Th-dated stalagmite which grew between approximately 20 and 5 thousand years before present (kyr BP) provide critical constraints for above-cave mean annual temperature, seasonality of moisture mean annual precipitation, and potential vegetation shifts. Specifically, the stalagmite record reveals subcentennial-scale variations in the proxy records, and strong multimillennial-scale features that correlate to well-known patterns of sea-surface variability in the North Atlantic Ocean (i.e., Bond cycles). The large-scale glacial/interglacial transition is sufficiently resolved to show that regional climate changes largely paralleled climatic transitions preserved in low-latitude (Chinese monsoon records; Cariaco Basin) and high-latitude (Greenland Ice Sheet) paleo-archives. However, the Younger Dryas interval in the south-central Appalachian Mountains is not as prominent a feature as in other records.
136

USE OF SURFACE GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES TO LOCATE A KARST CONDUIT IN THE CANE RUN - ROYAL SPRING BASIN, KENTUCKY

Tripathi, Ganesh N. 01 January 2009 (has links)
Groundwater flow in karst terrains is difficult to map because it can be concentrated through conduits that do not necessarily coincide with the surface features. We applied electrical resistivity (ER) and self-potential (SP) techniques at three sites to locate an inferred trunk conduit feeding a major spring in the Inner Bluegrass region of Kentucky. Royal Spring is the primary water supply for the city of Georgetown; the upper part of its basin coincides with the Cane Run watershed. ER and SP profiles were perpendicular to the inferred trunk conduit orientation. ER profiles (972 m total length) were measured using a dipole–dipole electrode configuration with 2- to 3-m spacing. SP measurements were taken along those ER lines and an additional test profile (230 m) using one stationary reference electrode and another roving electrode at a fixed interval. The low resistivity of water in the conduit, as compared to the high background resistivity of limestone bedrock, is the ER exploration target. A negative SP anomaly corresponds to a low ER anomaly for most of the profiles, but a few are not comparable. Five of seven SP profiles measured over a period of several months were found to be reproducible. Although the overall trends of the final SP profiles for different dates were similar, the SP magnitudes varied with the amount of precipitation and the average soil temperature. The low-resistivity anomalies in the 2D inverted sections and corresponding negative SP anomalies could be water-filled conduits, although mud-filled voids encountered during drilling suggest that these may be tributary conduits rather than the trunk conduit.
137

Fate of organic micropollutants in a karst aquifer system - Implications for sustainable raw water management

Hillebrand, Olav 04 August 2014 (has links)
Das grundsätzliche Verständnis von Karstgrundwasserleitern ist essentiell für das nachhaltige Management der Rohwasserqualität und letztendlich für sauberes Trinkwasser für bis zu 25 Prozent der Weltbevölkerung. Um dieses Verständnis zu verbessern, wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit das Speicher- und Attenuationspotential eines Karstgrundwasserleiters untersucht. Hierbei werden organische Spurenstoffe als Indikatoren für Transportpfade, Attenuation und Attenuationsprozessen eingesetzt. Als Voraussetzung für die Erfassung belastbarer Daten, wurden geeignete Stabilisierungsstrategien für organische Spurenstoffe in Wasserproben bewertet: Zugabe der Biozide (i) Kupfersulphat und (ii) Natriumazid zu Wasserproben nach der Probenahme und anschließende Lagerung der Proben in flüssiger Form sowie (iii) sofortige Festphasenextraktion (SPE), was zu einer Stabilisierung der Proben durch eine Reduktion des Wassergehaltes führt. Es wurden Fluss- und behandeltes Abwasser untersucht. Diese zeichnen sich üblicherweise durch ein hohes Potential für biologische Aktivität und demnach hohe Biotransformationsraten aus. Analysiert wurde der Einfluss der Lagerungstemperatur von 4 und 28° C für die Proben, die in flüssiger Form gelagert wurden und von 4, 20 und 40° C für die Lagerung der SPE-Kartuschen. Kühlen der Wasserproben allein reichte nicht aus, um die Proben für längere Zeit (> 24 h) zu stabilisieren. Die Zugabe von Kupfersulphat führte zu Problemen mit Azol- und Imidazol-ähnlichen Verbindungen. Natriumazid erwies sich als geeigneter Stabilisierungszusatz. Die besten Ergebnisse konnten für kühl gelagerte SPE-Kartuschen beobachtet werden. Im darauffolgenden Kapitel wird das Langzeitspeicherpotential von Karstgrundwasserleitern untersucht. Um eine nachhaltige Rohwasserqualität zu gewährleisten ist das Verständnis dieses Potentials essentiell. Die Transportdynamik der zwei Herbizide Metazachlor und Atrazin sowie dessen Abbauprodukt (Desethylatrazin) wurde an einer Karstquelle untersucht. Sogar 20 Jahre nach dessen Anwendungsverbot konnten Atrazin und dessen Abbauprodukt nahezu immer im Quellwasser in geringen Konzentrationen (wenige ng L‒1) nachgewiesen werden. Metazachlor dagegen tritt nur nach Niederschlagsereignissen auf und die beobachteten Konzentrationen sind deutlich höher. Ein Vergleich der Dynamik der zwei Herbizide mit der der anorganischen Kationen Ca2+, Mg2+ und der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit zeigte, dass Atrazin mit diesen Parametern korreliert. Aus dieser Beobachtung konnte abgeleitet werden, dass Atrazin innerhalb der Gesteinsmatrix vorliegt und die Rohwasserqualität für Jahrzehnte beeinflusst. Um das in-situ Attenuationspotential innerhalb des Röhrensystems eines Karstgrundwasserleiters zu identifizieren und das Risiko, das von organischen Spurenstoffen ausgeht, abzuschätzen, wurde ein Doppeltracer-Experiment durchgeführt: Der reaktive Stoff Coffein wurde als Markierungsstoff genutzt um das in-situ Attenuationspotential des untersuchten Grundwasserleiters zu bewerten. Aufgrund der niedrigen Bestimmungsgrenze konnten sehr geringe Mengen eingesetzt werden. Um ein Modell zu kalibrieren und die Attenuation des Coffeins zu visualisieren wurde der konservative Markierungsstoff Uranin simultan eingegeben. Diese Methodik wurde in einem gut charakterisierten Karstgrundwasserleiter in Baden-Württemberg getestet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine deutlich höhere Attenuationsrate als für einen Karstgrundwasserleiter erwartet wurde. Die Attenuation wurde als Prozess erster Ordnung beschrieben; die bestimmte Halbwertszeit betrug 104 h. Diese geringe Halbwertszeit deutet darauf hin, dass das generell angenommene geringe Attenuationspotential nicht gerechtfertigt ist. Der beobachtete Massenverlust des Coffeins zeigt auf, dass Coffein als reaktiver Markierungsstoff in hydraulisch hochdurchlässigen Systemen, wie Karstgrundwasserleitern, zur Untersuchung des in-situ Attenuationspotentials geeignet ist. Aufgrund der hohen Attenuationsrate des Coffeins, ist nicht mit einer Langzeitkontamination zu rechnen. In der Kombination mit einem konservativen Referenzmarkierungsstoff wird in diesem Kapitel eine ökonomische und ökologisch ungefährliche Methode zur Bestimmung des in-situ Attenuationspotentials vorgestellt. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse des Doppeltracer-Experiments wurde ein Multitracer-Experiment durchgeführt um das ermittelte Attenuationspotential zu verifizieren, dessen Übertragbarkeit auf andere Stoffe zu überprüfen und die Attenuationsprozesse zu spezifizieren. Als Referenzsubstanzen wurden Uranin, Acesulfam und Carbamazepin gemeinsam mit den reaktiven Markierungsstoffen Atenolol, Coffein, Cyclamat, Ibuprofen und Paracetamol in eine Doline eingegeben. Die Durchbruchskurven der reaktiven Markierungsstoffe wurden relativ zu den Referenzsubstanzen ausgewertet. Für keinen der Stoffe konnte eine signifikante Retardation beobachtet werden. Die ermittelten Halbwertszeiten betrugen 38 bis 1400 h (d. h. stabil innerhalb des Beobachtungszeitraums) in der folgenden Reihenfolge (von hoher zu keiner Attenuation absteigend sortiert): Paracetamol > Atenolol ≈ Ibuprofen > Coffein >> Cyclamat. Die Attenuationsraten stimmen generell mit denen aus anderen Studien, die andere Umweltkompartimente untersuchten, und den Ergebnissen des Doppeltracer-Experiments überein. Das Auftreten des Biotransformationsproduktes Atenololsäure diente dem Nachweis von in-situ Biotransformation innerhalb des Karstgrundwasserleitersystems.
138

A study of the hydrochemistry of a limestone area: Buchan, East Gippsland

Ellaway, Edward Mark January 1991 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis reports the results obtained, and conclusions made regarding research into the hydrochemistry of a small impounded karst area in southeastern Australia. Water samples were collected from a variety of sites over a period of approximately six years and include samples that are representative of baseflow (drought conditions) and flood (high flow conditions) the two extremes of the flow regime. Four distinct water types were found to be associated with the karst spring and cave water sites sampled. In terms of physical, chemical and computed parameter values these have been classed as TYPE 1 water (median parameter values similar to those noted for the surface stream sites sampled with catchments of non-carbonate material); TYPE 2 water (catchment predominantly of limestone); TYPE 3 water (catchment predominantly of dolomite); TYPE 4 water (high median chemical concentrations). Spatial variation within the study area is considerable and intrinsic factors such as catchment lithology, the residence time of recharge, aspect and vegetation cover are the major natural controls in determining physical and chemical characteristics.
139

The hydrology and biology of Cypress Creek (Hays County), a subtropical karstic stream in south central Texas /

Dedden, John Eric. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Texas State University--San Marcos, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-51). Also available on microfilm.
140

Hydrogeology of the Cuatrociénegas Basin, Coahuila, Mexico an integrative approach to arid karst aquifer delineation /

Wolaver, Brad David, January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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