Casein proteins are important escpecially for cheese making. In addition to technology and other factors, casein concentration in milk and relative representation of individual casein fractions influence cheese yield. Majority fractions are alfa-casein, beta-casein and kappa-casein. For the determination of proteins in the milk can be used electrophoretic techniques or near infra-red spektrometry. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is going to be used. HPLC is widely used analytical method, which is based on differential affinity of the substances to the mobile and the stationary phase. The thesis has introduced the method of determining the casein fractions by HPLC. The method was partially optimized using cow milk and calibrated to the standard solutions, which were purchased casein fractions derived from the bovine milk. Real samples of cow, sheep and goat milk were analyzed. The goat milk was available in several variants: Sanski goat milk and white shorthair goat from domestic or farm breeding. All milk samples were analyzed for casein and casein fractions proportions. Chromatograms show that the casein formula is different in cow, sheep and goat milk. Different concentrations of the casein fraction in the milk of various animal species have been statistically detected in almost all cases. The exception was the concentration of beta-casein in the milk of white shorthair goat from the domestic and the farm breeding and cow milk. In these types of milk there was no statistically significant difference in the concentration of beta-casein. Analysis of individual samples of white shorthair goat milk from the farm breeding shown that casein content in the milk of different animals reared under the same conditions may be different. Ratios of beta-casein to alfa-casein, beta-casein to kappa-casein and alfa-casein to kappa-casein were evaluated in all samples. Interspecific comparisons proved that ratios were statistically significantly different in all milks. In the milk of Sanski goat, there was found the stable ratio of beta-casein to alfa-casein during lactation. For all goat milk there were typical higher values of the ratio of beta-casein to kappa-casein. The ratio of alfa-casein to kappa-casein was highest in the sheep milk. Despite some shortcomings, it is possible to use the HPLC method possible for these purposes, but it is necessary to continue with its optimization.

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This thesis examines the issue of rennets. In this work the basic structure of milk is described, then characteristics and rennets division and it´s principle during milk coagulation. Furthermore I have tried to describe factors, which influence thein efficiency and principles during using rennets. This work also includes working proces of milk curdling and dose calculation. In practical part the aktivity of rennet was observed during different storage conditions, influence on yield and quality of curd after 2 minutes dripping. The strength of rennet was fixed, the dose of the rennet needed to curd 1000 l of milk. For the setting was used recombinant milk powder according to IDF requirements. The samples of rennets were tried on the semi-skimmed milk and the whole milk. The four months storage in the fridge has dropped the activity of rennet down 19 % and during laboratory temperature down 27 %. To cut down the activity of rennets has increased the dose of rennet needed for curdling 1000 l of milk and the price of rennet. The most stability was rennet Laktosin, the most degradation rennet Laktochym.

The quality of milk in cattle is influenced by many genes. One of them is gene CSN2. The aim of this diploma thesis was to test animal population of about 240 individuals of Jersey and Brown Swiss breed in Czech Republic. DNA was isolated from blood. Genotypes were determined by sequencing followed by determining genotypes and alleles frequencies. The association analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism with milk yield parameters was performed by using SAS program. The selected parameters were lactation days, milk yield (kg), fat content in milk (% and kg) and protein content (% and kg). These parameters were available for 126 animals. Statistically significant effect of CSN2 genotype on the selected milk production traits was not found in the studied population. Only effect of breed was found as statistically significant.

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Kappa-casein has the general function in process of cheese production. Understanding the effect of gene polymorphism of kappa-casein to the nutritional and physical properties of milk may lead to more efficient breeding of dairy cattle. Within this thesis was genotyped by 240 brown swiss and jersey cows determinated using the PCR-RFLP. Then was performed association analysis of the impact of various genotypes on milk production parameters in the program SAS. An association between gene CSN3 polymorphism and milk yield was not statistically significant.

Kvarteret Silverskopan som ligger i centrala Stockholm har sedan länge haft problem med fukt i fastigheterna. De mätningar som gjorts har visat tydliga resultat på höga fukt- och kaseinhalter.  Kasein är ett protein som finns i mjölkprodukter och är ofarligt när det förekommer i torr miljö. Det användes i bjälklagen redan vid 1970-talet då det var revolutionerande för användning i ytspackel. Resultatet blev ett spackel med bra flytegenskaper samtidigt som det underlättade för byggarbetarna ergonomiskt och inte nödvändigt att släta ut betongen hukandes. Dock uppstår problem då flytspackel utsätts för fukt eftersom kasein bryts ned i närvaro av vatten under alkaliska betingelser och bildar bland annat gasen ammoniak, som i sin tur påverkar människans hälsa negativt.  Under årens lopp har man vidtagit flera försvarsåtgärder för att de boende ska kunna klara inomhusmiljön, då problemen fortfarande kvarstår har fastighetsägaren beslutat att evakuera boenden och riva fastigheten för att kunna bygga ett nytt, friskt och hälsosamt hus till de boende. På uppdrag av AFA Fastigheter får Toolgate AB leda hela projektet från start till färdig produkt. Man vill på bästa möjliga sätt återvinna kaseininfekterad betong, optimera resursanvändningen och göra det möjligt för cirkulär materialanvändning.  Enligt statistiken av allt avfall i Sverige är ca 35% byggavfall. Detta vill man minska på och kunna möjliggöra återvinning och återbruk till 100% av allt byggavfall som uppkommer vid rivning och upprättning av nya bostäder. Resultatet av optimeringen bidrar till positiv inverkan på ekologisk hållbarhet, hälsosam miljö och stor nytta för kommande projekt.  Syftet med denna rapport är att föreslå möjliga metoder för återvinning av kaseininfekterad betong på bästa möjliga hållbara sätt.  Frågeställningen som kommer att vara i fokus för arbetet är- Kan man återvinna eller återbruka kaseininfekterad betong?  Projektet riktar sig mot AFA Fastigheter samt andra förvaltare, fastighetsägare och konsulter som förhoppningsvis ska kunna ta del av nyttig information efter avslutat projekt.  Detta arbete avgränsas till kvarteret Silverskopan och är kopplat till förprojektet som pågår innan rivningen, denna börjar dock 2024. Ytterligare avgränsningar för arbetet är att det görs i form av en fallstudie där kvarteret ligger i fokus.  Efter utförd litteraturstudie ser man tydlig brist på kunskap gällande hantering av kaseinhaltig betong och hur det kan återvinnas eller återbrukas. Då vi har relativt stora naturtillgångar i Sverige föredrar de flesta aktörer att köpa nytt material istället för att återbruka det gamla. Detta för att det kan medföra en viss risk vid bärighet i nya fastigheter, samtidigt som det är en relativt obeprövad metod. Dock kan det finnas stora möjligheter för användning av återvunnen betong efter bilning av kaseinhaltigt flytspackel. Man bör då förslagsvis använda detta utomhus där det inte påverkar människors hälsa negativt, samtidigt som innevarande halt av ammoniak vädras och späds ut i luften.  Slutligen handlar det om en lönsamhetsfråga för fastighetsägaren. Att bila bort kasein kan innebära höga kostnader, massa tid och energi. Att lämna allting till en avfallsmottagare kan vara ett billigare alternativ. Däremot kan det innebära stor resursbesparing och miljömedvetenhet att bila bort kasein om det inte hunnit tränga ner alltför djupt i betongen. / The neighborhood Silverskopan in central Stockholm has long had problems with moisture in the properties. The measurements made earlier have shown clear results of high moisture and casein contents.  Casein is a protein found in milk products and is harmless when present in a dry environment. It was used in joists as early in the 1970s when it was used in surface putty. The result was a putty with good flow properties, and it is simpler for construction workers ergonomically which made it easier without the need to smooth the concrete while crouching. However, problems arise when floating putty is exposed to moisture, because casein breaks down in the presence of water under the alkaline conditions in the concrete and forms among other things, the gas ammonia, which affects the human health negatively.  Over the years, several defensive measures have been taken so that the residents can cope with the indoor environment, as the problems still persist, the property owner decided to evacuate the residents and demolish the property in order to build a new, healthy house for the residents. On behalf of AFA Fastigheter, Toolgate gets to lead the entire project from start to finished product. They want to recycle casein infected concrete in the best possible way, optimize the use of resources and enable circular material use.  According to statistics about 35% of all waste in Sweden is construction waste. They want to reduce this and be able to enable the recycling and reuse 100% of all construction waste that arises when demolishing and erecting new homes. The result of the optimization contributes to a positive impact on ecological sustainability, a healthy environment and great benefit for future projects.  The purpose of this report is to suggest possible methods for recycling casein infected concrete in the best possible sustainable way.  The question that will be the focus of the work is- Can casein infected concrete be recycled or reused?  This project is aimed at AFA Fastigheter as well as other managers, property owners and consultants who will hopefully be able to take advantage of useful information after this project is complete.  This work is limited to the neighborhood Silverskopan and is connected to the preliminary project that is ongoing before the demolition, but this will begin in 2024. Further limitations for the work aret hat it is done in the form of a case study where the neighborhood is in focus.  According to the conducted literature study you can see there is a clear lack of knowledge regarding the handling of casein containing concrete and how it can be recycled or reused. As we have relatively large natural resources in Sweden most actors prefer to buy new material instead of reusing the old. This is because it can entail a certain risk in terms of bearing capacity in new properties, while it is a rather unproven method. However, there may be grate opportunities for the use of recycled concrete after forming casein containing floating putty. One should then preferably use the material outdoors where it does not adverserly affect human health, at the same time that the present content of ammonia is aerated and diluted into the air.  Finally, it is a question of profitability for the property owner. Removing casein can mean high costs, a lot of time and energy. Leaving everything to a waste receiver can be a cheaper option. However, it can mean a great resource savings and environmental awarenedd to remove casein if it has not penetrated too deeply into the concrete.

Polzerová, I: Use of kinase modulation in the Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Diploma thesis, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology, Hradec Králové 2016, 91 p. Data used in this Diploma Thesis have been taken from foreigner scientific literary sources. It provides the summary of the not yet explored natural compounds from marine organisms with kinase inhibitory activity. The first chapter Alzheimer's disease describes a characteristic of the disease, its etiopathogenesis, risk factors and currently available treatment. At the beginning of the second chapter are mentioned new perspective approaches to treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Most of this chapter deals with kinases as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In the chapter, physiologic and pathophysiologic functions of GSK-3β and CK-1δ are described in the organism, and also, other kinases are mentioned which are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Next part dedicates analytical methods suitable for testing activity and inhibition of kinases in vitro and in silico, also deals with summary of the synthetic kinase inhibitors and characterizes an their properties. In this chapter is also described main part of this work - the...