Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-89).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2008. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

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In Jordan, a woman is often murdered by members of her own family if she is found to have tainted the family's honor in any way. Refusing to enter into an arranged marriage, being seen alone with a male stranger or even wearing makeup have all been cited as incidents that shame the family and result in what are called "honor killings". These honor killings have continued to plague Jordan, and other countries in the Middle East, well into the 21st century, despite the country's progress towards modernization. The dominance of the patriarchal family and the inability of the country to experience economic growth are strong contributors to the perpetuation of these horrible crimes in a country that is considered to be relatively modern in this day and age.

In recent decades we can watch heated debates on the legal and moral permissibility of State-sponsored targeted killings involving representatives from Governments, academic circles, military and police forces, intelligence services, human rights groups, humanitarian institutions, intergovernmental organizations a and the mass media. These debates are even more intense after the killing of Osama bin Laden, leader of the terrorist group Al Qaeda, in May 2011. The aim of the thesis is to answer to the question: Are targeted killings a permissible method of fight against terrorism? The legality of targeted killings is analyzed in term of lex lata international law, namely under human rights law, international humanitarian law and law of international security. The thesis is composed of six chapters. Chapter One defines basic terminology used in the thesis. The Chapter is subdivided into two parts. Part One defines the concept of targeted killings. Part Two defines the notion of terrorism. Chapter Two examines the legality of targeted killings in term of law of international security. Chapter Three describes the parallel application of human rights law and international humanitarian law. Chapter Four analyzes the legality of targeted killings under human rights law. The Chapter is subdivided into two...

Este é um estudo qualitativo sobre o sofrimento psíquico de familiares de mortos pela polícia militar em situações conhecidas como resistência seguida de morte, desenvol-vido a partir da uma experiência de escuta de duas famílias, cujos filhos ou irmãos fo-ram mortos no município de São Paulo. A partir de um método de coleta de dados inspi-rado na psicanálise de Sandor Ferenczi e em sua teoria do trauma, para quem o não re-conhecimento da violência e do sujeito em sua singularidade são centrais para a experi-ência traumática, discute-se como a relação entre esses sujeitos e o sistema de justiça criminal é determinante para a compreensão das consequências psíquicas dessas mortes. São componentes dessa relação tanto o tratamento com o qual os operadores do direito conferem a esses familiares (discriminatório, via de regra), bem como as decisões ope-radas por esse sistema, cujo aspecto principal é operar uma série de negações nega-se o homicídio, nega-se a vítima e seu sofrimento que foram aproximadas nesse estudo ao desmentido de Ferenczi. Discute-se como a sujeição criminal, ou criminalização de determinados sujeitos sociais, é a lógica que subjaz tanto as mortes perpetradas pela polícia, como a forma como os familiares dos mortos serão tratados pelo sistema de justiça criminal: são eles mesmos tornados criminais. Esses familiares se veem tão des-protegidos, tão desrespeitados em seus direitos mais fundamentais, quanto aqueles que efetivamente morreram pelas mãos das forças de segurança. Uma abordagem psicológi-ca dessas mortes revela que uma ampla gama de atores para além da polícia desempe-nham um papel fundamental no sofrimento psíquico que tais mortes produzem / This is a qualitative study of the traumatic experiences of indirect victims of police kill-ings in situations described as resistance followed by death in the city of Sao Paulo. Two families exposed to these violent deaths were interviewed following a method in-spired by the theory of trauma developed by Sandor Ferenczi, who defines the center of the traumatic experience as the social denial of violence suffered. This study argues that the relationship between the victims and the criminal justice system is crucial to under-standing the harmful psychological consequences of these experiences. Both the dis-criminatory treatment to which these individuals are subjected by law enforcement of-ficers and criminal justice authorities, and the decisions made by the criminal justice system are relevant components of this relationship. It discusses how the logic by which the criminal justice system responds to the claims and needs of indirect victims could be approximated to the logic that underlies the legitimization of the homicides committed by the police forces in Brazil -- criminal subjection --, which, in turn, can be related to Ferenczi´s theory of trauma. Considered just as criminals as their dead relatives, the indirect victims find themselves unprotected by the criminal justice system and forced to bear witness to the violation of their most fundamental rights, resulting in long lasting suffering. A psychological approach to the homicides committed by police reveals a wide range of actors outside of the police forces also responsible for the damages caused by these deaths

Why do ordinary individuals participate in mass violence perpetrated against civilians? That is the question I will attempt to answer in the following paper. I consider these men ordinary to the extent that the majority was not socially deviant. Looking at the case of Nazi Germany, two groups stand out as good case studies: the SS Einsatzgruppen and the SS cadres in the Death camps. The following analysis will focus on the motivations of these men to commit mass murder. I argue for a causal sequence of action, beginning with the onset of Nazi ideology, further followed by the dehumanization of the victim and the brutalization of the perpetrator. I will demonstrate how the ideology present during German interwar society influenced these men into participation. Dehumanization and brutalization are complimentary factors that push these men into action.

Under the Nazi regime in Germany (1933-1945) a calculated killing of chronic “mentally ill” patients took place that was part of a large biopolitical program using well-established, contemporary scientific standards on the understanding of eugenics. Nearly 300,000 patients were assassinated during this period. Nurses executed this program through their everyday practice. However, suspicions have been raised that psychiatric patients were already assassinated before and after the Nazi regime, suggesting that the motives for these killings must be investigated within psychiatric practice itself. My research aims to highlight the mechanisms and scientific discourses in place that allowed nurses to perceive patients as unworthy of life, and thus able to be killed. Using Foucauldian concepts of “biopower” and “State racism,” this discourse analysis is carried out on several levels. First, it analyzes nursing notes in one specific patient record and interprets them in relation to the kinds of scientific discourses that are identified, for example, in nursing journals between 1900 and 1945. Second, it argues that records are not static but rather produce certain effects; they are “performative” because they are active agents. Psychiatry, with its need to make patients completely visible and its desire to maintain its dominance in the psychiatric field, requires the utilization of writing in order to register everything that happens to individuals, everything they do and everything they talk about. Furthermore, writing enables nurses to pass along information from the “bottom-up,” and written documents allow all information to be accessible at any time. It is a method of centralizing information and of coordinating different levels within disciplinary systems. By following this approach it is possible to demonstrate that the production of meaning within nurses’ notes is not based on the intentionality of the writer but rather depends on discursive patterns constructed by contemporary scientific discourses. Using a form of “institutional ethnography,” the study analyzes documents as “inscriptions” that actively interven in interactions in institutions and that create a specific reality on their own accord. The question is not whether the reality represented within the documents is true, but rather how documents worked in institutions and what their effects were. Third, the study demonstrates how nurses were actively involved in the construction of patients’ identities and how these “documentary identities” led to the death of thousands of humans whose lives were considered to be “unworthy lives.” Documents are able to constitute the identities of psychiatric patients and, conversely, are able to deconstruct them. The result of de-subjectification was that “zones for the unliving” existed in psychiatric hospitals long before the Nazi regime and within these zones, patients were exposed to an increased risk of death. An analysis of the nursing notes highlights that nurses played a decisive role in constructing these “zones” and had an important strategic function in them. Psychiatric hospitals became spaces where patients were reduced to a “bare life;” these spaces were comparable with the concentration camps of the Holocaust. This analysis enables the integration of nursing practices under National Socialism into the history of modernity. Nursing under Nazism was not simply a relapse into barbarism; Nazi exclusionary practices were extreme variants of scientific, social, and political exclusionary practices that were already in place. Different types of power are identifiable in the Nazi regime, even those that Foucault called “technologies of the self” were demonstrated, for example, by the denunciation of “disabled persons” by nurses. Nurses themselves were able to employ techniques of power in the Nazi regime.

Why do ordinary individuals participate in mass violence perpetrated against civilians? That is the question I will attempt to answer in the following paper. I consider these men ordinary to the extent that the majority was not socially deviant. Looking at the case of Nazi Germany, two groups stand out as good case studies: the SS Einsatzgruppen and the SS cadres in the Death camps. The following analysis will focus on the motivations of these men to commit mass murder. I argue for a causal sequence of action, beginning with the onset of Nazi ideology, further followed by the dehumanization of the victim and the brutalization of the perpetrator. I will demonstrate how the ideology present during German interwar society influenced these men into participation. Dehumanization and brutalization are complimentary factors that push these men into action.