Zur Charakterisierung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen organischen Dispergiermitteln und nanoskaligen Oberflächen stellen Komplexe aus Kohlenstoffnanoröhren und (Bio-)Polymeren aufgrund der großen Oberfläche der Nanoröhren und der kommerziellen Verfügbarkeit fluoreszenzmarkierter DNA-Oligomere unterschiedlicher Länge sowie intrinsisch fluoreszierender Polymere ein vielversprechendes Modellsystem dar. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden verschiedene Methoden evaluiert, um die Stabilität derartiger Komplexe zu untersuchen und dadurch Rückschlüsse auf das Adsorptionsverhalten der (Bio-)Polymere zu ziehen. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass das publizierte helikale Adsorptionsmodell der DNA auf Kohlenstoffnanoröhren die Resultate der durchgeführten Experimente nur unzureichend beschreiben kann und stattdessen andere Adsorptionskonformationen in Erwägung gezogen werden müssen. / Interactions between organic dispersants and nanoscopic surfaces are of crucial interest in the field of nanotechnology. For characterization of such interactions, complexes of single-wall carbon nanotubes and (bio-)polymers are considered to be a promising model system due to the large specific surface of the nanotubes as well as the commercial availability of fluorescently labeled, length-scaled DNA oligomers and intrinsic fluorescent synthetic polymers. The present dissertation focused on probing suitable methods for the investigation of the stability of these complexes in order to determine the adsorption behavior of the examined (bio-)polymers. The findings of the performed experiments are inconsistent with the previously published helical adsorption of DNA to carbon nanotubes but give rise to additional adsorption conformations.

Do ceramics have to be static? This was the question that spurred me into this work, and what kept me working on to achieve the possibility of motion in my ceramic objects. By combining the knowledge gained through my former education as an avionics technician with my interest in the ancient ceramic craft, I strive to create kinetic ceramic handicraft suitable for interaction with an audience. By a series of different phases I slowly go from understanding what kind of motion I want my objects to have, to actually realizing this motion in three-dimensional objects. Through the use of simple models made from corrugated fiberboard followed by more advanced plaster models, combined with different complementary materials such as bicycle inner-tubing and recycled aluminium cans among many others, I, through a vast series of testing, slowly build up a knowledge base later applied to the ceramic objects. The result is for me a success; I have found a way for me to combine ceramics with mechanics. Through this I have created kinetic ceramic handicraft intended for interaction with an audience.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2006--Darmstadt.

Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2003.

Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2002.

Konstanz, Univ., Diss., 2002.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Darmstadt.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Darmstadt.

För det minskade bruket av fossila bränslen är biobränslen från fettsyrametylestrar (FAME), även kallat biodiesel, ett möjligt alternativ. I nuläget framställs biodiesel främst via homogen baskatalys. Detta medför resurskrävande separationsprocesser och vidare återvinns inte katalysatorn. I syfte att ytterligare effektivisera biodieselframställningen studeras därför heterogena katalysmetoder. En ännu otillräckligt utforskad heterogen baskatalysator för framställningen av biodiesel från rapsolja är γ-alumina belagd med kaliumoxid (K2O). I denna studie syntetiserades en katalysator genom impregnering av γ-alumina med KOH följt av kalcinering. Ytanalys av katalysatorn visade en kraftigt minskad ytarea efter impregnering och kalcinering, och basiska KAlO2-säten på katalysatorn istället för säten av K2O. Reaktionsprocessen med katalysatorn studerades under olika betingelser för optimeringen av reaktionsförhållanden och därefter studerades dess kinetik. Inga slutsatser kunde dras om optimala reaktionsförhållanden på grund av orimliga resultat vid beräkning av utbytet. Katalysatorn påvisade däremot hög aktivitet, vilket kunde avläsas som 95,67% utbyte efter 90 minuter i kinetikstudien. Försök att beskriva kinetiken gjordes slutligen vilket med pseudo-första ordningens kinetik med avseende på olja gav en hastighetskonstanten 0,0106 min-1, och med andra ordningens kinetik (1:a med avseende på olja respektive metanol) 15,3279 M-1min-1. Analys av dessa framtagna grafer visade däremot att kinetiken inte fullt ut kunde beskrivas med vare sig pseudoförsta eller med andra ordningens kinetik. Således behövs vidare forskning för att fastställa kinetiken hos katalysatorn.

Thermal co-processing of coal and biomass has been increasingly focused for its environmental and economic benefits. In the present work, the experimental and kinetic study on co-pyrolysis and co-gasification of Rhenish brown coal (HKN) and wheat straw (WS) was made. The pyrolysis behavior, especially for co-pyrolysis, was investigated in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and a small fixed bed reactor (LPA). In TGA, the mass loss and reaction rate of single and blend samples were studied under various experimental conditions, and their effects on synergy effects. The synergy effects on products yield and properties of chars were studied in LPA. The kinetics of pyrolysis was obtained based on data from TGA by using the Coats-Redfern method. For gasification with CO2, a small fixed bed reactor (quartz glass reactor), equipped with an online GC to monitor the gas composition, was used. The effects of processing conditions on gasification behavior and synergy effects for mixed chars and co-pyrolysis chars were investigated. The volume reaction model (VRM), shrinking core model (SCM) and random pore model (RPM), were applied to fit the experimental data. The model best fitting the experiments was used to calculate the kinetic parameters. The reaction orders of gasification reactions with single chars are also investigated. The pyrolysis study showed that a small amount of wheat straw added to the brown coal promoted the decomposition better and showed more significant synergy effects. The synergy effects varied with increasing heating rates and pressures, especially at 40 bar. The kinetic parameters were inconsistent with experimental behavior during co-pyrolysis, since the reaction was also affected by heat transfer, contact time, particles distribution and so on. The gasification study on single chars showed that Rhenish brown coal chars had higher reactivity; chars pyrolyzed at higher temperatures showed lower reactivity; and higher gasification temperatures and CO2 partial pressures led to higher reactivity. For co-gasification process, there was no significant synergy effect for mixed chars. However, negative synergy effects (reactivity decreased compared to the calculated values based on rule of mixing) were observed for co-pyrolysis chars, caused by properties change by co-pyrolysis process. For kinetics, the reaction orders of chars ranged from 0.3 to 0.7. Only random pore model fitted most experiments at low and high temperatures. Synergy effects were also observed in kinetic parameters. The values of activation energy E and pre-exponential factor A for mixed chars and co-pyrolysis chars were lower than expected. The negative synergy effects showed the pre-exponential factor A had more effects. However, the higher reactivity of mixed chars than co-pyrolysis chars showed that the reaction was affected more by activation energy E. Therefore, only investigating E or A value was not enough. In addition, a marked compensation effect between activation energies and pre-exponential factors was found in the present study. The isokinetic temperature for the present study was 856 °C. This was close to the temperature at which the gasification reaction transforms from the chemical controlled zone to the diffusion controlled zone for most chars.