This work evaluates the security of household banking in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by investigating the fit between the Saudi banking system and the practices of its household customers. A framework is developed to evaluate both technical and human factors, to help build a secure and effective banking system. Three building blocks contribute to the framework: the household context of use of bank systems in Saudi Arabia, banking technologies and processes, and Saudi banking policies and infrastructure. A qualitative study of the household context of use employs grounded theory to identify the banking practices of household customers and the factors influencing them. Data were collected in two phases: from 47 household customers, using telephone interviews, focus groups and the diary/interview method, then from 23 Saudi bankers interviewed by telephone. Each method was adjusted to accommodate the unique settings of the research context, such as being a Saudi female researcher collecting data from participants of both genders, the sensitivity of the topic and the intimate nature of the household context. This research contributes as a practical guide by describing each method used in detail, serving to inform and guide future work in a similar context. The second block in the framework is the security analysis of the banking technologies and processes used by participating household customers: online banking, telephone banking and bank cards. The two analytical approaches are STRIDE, which aims to identify objectives and vulnerabilities in bank technologies regarding specific security threats, and DREAD, which is used to quantify the risk from such threats. The third block is the Saudi banking policies and infrastructure that guide the use of the technologies issued by the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) the leading authority to the Saudi banking sector, involving a deep analysis of the official policies and regulations related to the household context of use of bank technologies. The framework is applied to evaluate the security of household banking in two case studies: the use of new technologies such as mobile banking and the use of fingerprints as a new security mechanism in the authentication process of bank cards.

Text in Afrikaans / Gemeentebou funksioneer binne die raamwerk van die koninkryk van God en nie slegs binne 'n gemeente nie. Om hierdie rede word die ondersoekvraag gestel naamlik wanneer staan gemeentebou in diens van die koninkryk van God. Dit is 'n tersaaklike vraag in die lig van die feit dat gemeentebouliteratuur die opbou en by geleentheid ook die uitbou van die gemeente beskryf maar opbou met die oog op die samelewing geniet nie die nodige aandag nie. Die koninkryk van God staan sentraal in die kosmos. Om Sy koningsheerskappy op aarde te vestig gebruik God die gemeente. Daarom vind die gemeente sy oorsprong in God; dit beskik oor 'n koninkryksbepaalde identiteit; dit bestaan met 'n koninkryksdienstige doel; sy funksionering realiseer die gemeente se koninkryksdiens en dit bestaan binne 'n bepaalde konteks om tekens van die Koninkryk daar op te rig. Die koninkryk van God bepaal alle gemeentehandelinge en dit dien as korrektief daarop. Gemeentebou vestig en bevorder hierdie koninkryksperspektief binne elke handeling van die gemeente. Binne die raamwerk van die koninkryk word aspekte vir die aandag van verruimde gemeentebou in hierdie studie geidentifiseer (antropologie; ekonomie; ekologie; strukture). 'n Positiewe verband tussen gemeentebou en volle werklikheid van die koninkryk van God bou gemeentesentriese bouwerk uit tot effektiewe en omvattende kommunikatiewe handelinge in diens van die Koninkryk binne die gemeentekonteks. Hierdie verhouding tussen die koninkryk, die gemeente en die samelewing word deur Christus bepaal. Om dit op die mees effektiewe wyse te realiseer, is drie dimensies in hierdie studie geidentifiseer wat deel van gemeentebou behoort uit te maak (basisteorie). Gemeentebou dien die koninkryk wanneer dit lidmate se verstaan van die gemeente verruim om dit in toto in koninkryksdiens te stel; wanneer dit die gemeente se vermoe om in diens van die koninkryk te staan realiseer, en wanneer die gemeente opgebou word om met sy konteks rekening te hou. Gemeentebou staan so in diens van die koninkryk van God. Die empiriese ondersoek na lidmate se siening van die dienstaak van die gemeente, bevestig die hipotese nl. dat gemeentelede sterk na binne gerig is en nie genoegsaam met die samelewing rekening hou nie. / The building up of the congregation functions within the framework of the Kingdom of God and not only within the congregation. For this reason the question is raised i.e. when does the building up of the congregation serves the Kingdom of God. It is relevant in view of the fact that the literature about the building up of the congregation covers the building up of the congregation, but the emphasis on the community does not enjoy the necessary attention it deserves. Centrally within the cosmos the Kingdom of God exists. To establish His Kingdom on earth, God uses the congregation. Thus "the origins of the congregation is found in God; its identity is determined by the Kingdom; it exists for Kindompurposes; its functioning is aimed at serving the Kingdom, and it exists within a certain context where it should erect signs of the kingdom of God. The kingdom of God determines all congregational activities. The building up of the congregation establishes and promotes this kingdomperspective within every aspect of its actions. In this study certain aspects have been identified to broaden the scope of the building up of the congregation within the framework of the kingdom (i.e. anthropology; economy; ecology; structures). When the building up of the congregation is understood from a kingdomperspective, congregation-centered upbuilding developes into effective and comprehensive communicative actions in the service of the kingdom. The relationship between the kingdom, the congregation and the community is determined by Christ. In this study three dimensions are identified which ought to constitute the building up of the congregation for this to be realised most effectively. It serves the kingdom as it increases the congregations' understanding of its total service of the kingdom; as it realizes the church's service of the.kingdom through continuing change, and as it takes the context of the congregation sufficiently into consideration. An empirical research into the views of members on the task of the congregation confirmed the hypothesis i.e. members are strongly introverted in their view and they do not take the community sufficiently enough into consideration. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / Th.D. (Practical theology)

Maurice Nicoll (1884-1953) was a Harley Street doctor, an analytical psychologist trained by C. G. Jung (1875-1961), and a student of the independent 'spiritual' teachers G. I. Gurdjieff (1866-1949) and P. D. Ouspensky (1878-1947). In his later years he became a mystical philosopher, a biblical exegete, and leader of his own groups of students. Early in his life he rejected his natal Christian religion associated with his father, Sir William Robertson Nicoll (1851-1923), eminent litterateur and Free Church of Scotland minister. Vindication of this rejection came to Maurice Nicoll through a mystical experience: a 'moment of insight' which propelled him into a life-long search to discover what 'really mattered'. I will argue that although this apparently involved a journey away from his natal Christian practice, Nicoll came to understand that he was working towards a 'truer' form of it. Nicoll's oeuvre as a whole - published works as well as archival sources, including a large amount of recently discovered original material - will be analysed to show the development of his thinking on what he came to call 'esoteric Christianity'. After a biographical 'portrait' the start of Nicoll's journey will be presented as a reaction against the religious stance of his father. Maurice Nicoll's early 'moment of insight' is described and analysed in the light of the ideas of William James (1842-1910) on mystical experience. Following this Nicoll's first book, Dream Psychology (1917), an interpretation of the views of Jung which demonstrates clearly the early formative influence of Jung on Nicoll is treated. I then turn to Living Time (1931), in which Nicoll integrates Ouspenksy's ideas on time and higher dimensions into his own psychological system. Following the influence of Jung and early Ouspensky, Nicoll's next work reveals the influence of the system of ideas and practices known as 'the Work' taught by Gurdjieff and Ouspensky, which Nicoll encountered at first hand in Gurdjieff's colony near Paris and subsequently at Ouspensky's classes in London. The Psychological Commentaries on the Teaching of G.I. Gurdjieff and P. D. Ouspensky (1957) was compiled from notes used by Nicoll in teaching his groups his own version of 'the Work' from 1931. However, the completion of Nicoll's quest for an understanding of 'esoteric Christianity', it will be argued, is documented in his two mature texts, The New Man (1950) and The Mark (1954). These books analyse New Testament writings in the light of influences partly absorbed from Jung, but most centrally from Gurdjieff and Ouspensky. In these books Nicoll interprets the narrative theology of the New-Testament texts in terms of a form of 'esoteric psychology', encapsulating his vision of how 'the Kingdom of Heaven' is really to be understood: not in terms of a life after death, or a millennial restoration of Christ's Kingdom, but as the psychological development and fulfilment of the individual in this life. It is argued that this 'esoteric psychology' is Nicoll's version of the psychology he saw as underlying the Gurdjieff-Ouspensky system, but given an explicitly Christian locus and interpretation. In conclusion some reflections are made on the significance of understanding Nicoll's writings as 'esoteric Christianity' and their implications for contemporary religious thought.

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This study focuses specifically on single stock futures and single stock future options transactions and the related tax consequences in South Africa and the United Kingdom. People expect their wealth to increase when they invest their time, money and other scarce resources. In other words, they expect a return on their investment, which ultimately increases their wealth. Governments usually levy tax on returns. This means a taxpayer’s wealth is decreased by the tax levied on his return on investment. The tax treatment of returns is therefore an important factor to consider when investing. The nature and market mechanics of single stock futures and single stock future options are considered in this study in order to determine the related tax consequences in terms of each country’s tax legislation. Further, the concept of a “hedge” is explored in order to determine whether it affects the tax treatment of these derivatives. A comparison of the tax treatment of single stock futures and single stock future options between South Africa and the United Kingdom revealed that the intention of the taxpayer is an important factor to consider in order to determine whether the transaction is taxed in terms of the provisions relating to normal tax or capital gains tax. AFRIKAANS : Die studie fokus op die belastinggevolge van gelyste afgeleide instrumenttransaksies in Suid-Afrika en Engeland. Die belastinggevolge van opsies wat verband hou met die gelyste afgeleide instrumente word ook in die studie aangespreek. Mense verwag dat hul rykdom sal vermeerder wanneer hulle hul tyd, geld en ander skaarse hulpbronne aanwend. Met ander woorde, hulle verwag ‘n opbrengs op hul belegging. Die Regering hef gewoontlik belasing op opbrengste. Dit beteken dat die belastingpligtige se rykdom verminder as gevolg van die belastinguitgawe. Dus die belastinggevolge wat verband hou met die beleggings is ‘n belangrike faktor wat in ag geneem moet word ten tye van die beleggingsbesluit. Die aard en mark dinamika van die gelyste afgeleide instrumente en die verbandhoudende opsies word in ag geneem vir doeleindes van die studie om die belastinggevolge van die transaksies in elke land te bepaal. Die konsep van “verskansing” word ondersoek om te bepaal of dit ‘n effek het op die belastinggevolge van die transaksies. ‘n Vergelyking van die belastinghantering van die gelyste afgeleide instrumente en verbandhoudende opsies tussen Suid-Afrika en Engeland dui aan dat die bedoeling van die belastingpligtige ‘n belangrike faktor is om in ag te neem om te bepaal of die transaksie belas moet word ingevolge die normalebelasting of kapitaalwinsbelasting reëls. Copyright / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Taxation / unrestricted

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abstract: U.S. television is about earning profits, but European broadcasting has historically been governed as public service, indirectly or directly operated by the government. Substantial changes occurred in the 1990s. Privatization and the United Kingdom’s Independent Television franchise auction stimulated commercial developments throughout Europe. Even public service broadcasters lost their traditional characteristics, adopting routines making them almost indistinguishable from commercial competitors. Television remains the number one news source overall. Research shows news adheres to similar, recurring and predictable elements; an anchor team balances the broadcast and its various elements, following a formula of friendly personalities, visuals and sound bites. This study examined American news consultants’ role in the development of television news in the UK in the 1990s. American news consultants’ work abroad is important because they spread the U.S. model - the origin of today’s on-air news style – and changed television news on a global scale. Limited research has been conducted on the consultants’ European work and how they operated, largely because of proprietary material. This study was based on 2359 pages of archival material from Frank N. Magid Associates’ European archives. In addition, 24 interviews with Magid staff and UK journalists allowed for a comprehensive examination. Magid truly infiltrated UK television - from the headquarters of the BBC and ITN, to the regions. A major finding is the extent of Magid’s penetration with research services, storytelling and performance training. During the franchise auction, Magid worked with ITV clients in 11 of the 16 regions. This study examined how Magid played a role in the development of television news. It analyzed key concepts integrated into UK news and how those are similar or different from the U.S. The importance of good storytelling permeated the findings. Tell a story well – tailored to the culture, medium and viewers – and it will attract an audience. In turn, that attracts advertisers, making news profitable. Change theory guided an analysis of societal forces. Driving forces, such as privatization and technology, spurred on development of television news; restraining forces, such as fear of Americanization, slowed it down. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Journalism and Mass Communication 2018

The Community Church of Pepperell in Pepperell, MA has a well-established pattern of fundraising events to support itself and its mission. Replicating the ubiquity of consumerism in American culture, buying and selling is the foundation of church activities, events, celebrations, and even worship itself. This project develops the concept of God’s Kingdom economy as it works to move this congregation, and perhaps others like it, from being controlled by the impulses of American consumerism. This transformation involves laying aside consumption for its own sake, rather using it to caring for our neighbors, serve, and share God’s love. Specialized worship services are created that incorporate the transformative power of testimonies and preaching as a way to reframe excessive church fundraising.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / The Kingdom of Dahomey was engaged in a war nearly every year between 1818 and 1894. This study analyzes the motivations and functions of such warfare. The wars began after Gheazo became king. He came to power as a result of a coup d'etat. In order to protect his rule he established a centralized administration by creating a dual political structure of parallel male and female officials. As part of this process, the regular army was expanded and several thousand women became soldiers who fought along side the men. These are Dahomey's unique features: female administrative officers, and female soldiers. The primary functions of the army and the motivations behind the annual wars were political and institutional. Secondary, but almost of equal significance 'were economic motivations, i.e., to acquire slaves to sell to the Europeans on the coast, or for use on Dahomian plantations.

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