The study took place in Vietnam at Hanoi University of Science in the framework of the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) – “An advancement of the German-Vietnamese University partnerships”. The research has been supported by the program: “Wastewater and Solid Waste Management in Provincial Centers” and belongs to its technical component. The present diploma thesis elaborates the current situation of sewage sludge management in Vietnam and is dealing with sludge characteristics from both domestic sewage treatment facilities and septic tanks. During the research, different treatment components and treatment facilities have been analyzed to carry out a comprehensive survey of sewage sludge types. In this thesis, a guideline (draft) was developed as a main result, which can be helpful to bridge the legislative gap for sewage sludge re-use in Vietnam. In conclusion, an integrated concept has been developed, which recommends the application of selected proceeding elements to treat sewage sludge and the further utilization of re-useable materials in agriculture in a controlled and environmentally-safe manner. / Die Diplomarbeit wurde im Rahmen des Deutsch-Vietnamesischem Auslandsaustauschprogramms an der „Hanoi University of Science“ verfasst. Dieses Vorhaben wurde unterstützt von dem DAAD (Deutschen Akademischen Austausch Dienst), und ist im technischem Bereich des Programms “Wastewater and Solid Waste Management in Provincial Centers“ einzugliedern. Die vorstehende Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem aktuellen Klärschlammmanagement in Vietnam und liefert dabei detaillierte Resultate zu verschiedenen Klarschlammtypen aus kommunalen Abwasserbehandlungsanlagen. Bei den Untersuchungen wurden verschiedene Abwasser- und Klärschlammbehandlungsanlagen untersucht, um einen Überblick zu den gebräuchlichen Behandlungsmethoden in Vietnam zu erarbeiten. Zusätzlich wurden die institutionellen und rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen überprüft. Der Entwurf einer Verordnung zur Verwertung von Klärschlamm in der Landwirtschaft wurde vorgelegt, um eine bestehende rechtliche Lücke in Vietnam zu schließen. Mit dieser Arbeit wurde ein integriertes Konzept entwickelt, welches mittels verschiedene verfahrenstechnische Elemente den Klärschlamm behandelt und darauffolgend das verwertbare Material in ausgewählten landwirtschaftlichen Flächen in einer kontrollierten und umweltschonenden Weise verwertet.

The study took place in Vietnam at Hanoi University of Science in the framework of the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) – “An advancement of the German-Vietnamese University partnerships”. The research has been supported by the program: “Wastewater and Solid Waste Management in Provincial Centers” and belongs to its technical component. The present diploma thesis elaborates the current situation of sewage sludge management in Vietnam and is dealing with sludge characteristics from both domestic sewage treatment facilities and septic tanks. During the research, different treatment components and treatment facilities have been analyzed to carry out a comprehensive survey of sewage sludge types. In this thesis, a guideline (draft) was developed as a main result, which can be helpful to bridge the legislative gap for sewage sludge re-use in Vietnam. In conclusion, an integrated concept has been developed, which recommends the application of selected proceeding elements to treat sewage sludge and the further utilization of re-useable materials in agriculture in a controlled and environmentally-safe manner.:Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 4 List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................. 7 Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 8 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 10 2 Legal framework for sewage sludge management in Vietnam ................................. 13 2.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Institutional framework .......................................................................................... 13 2.3 Legal framework.................................................................................................... 15 2.4 Standards .............................................................................................................. 18 2.4.1 Technical standards ...................................................................................... 18 2.4.2 National standards ........................................................................................ 19 2.5 Current situation .................................................................................................... 20 3 Theoretical basis for the concept ................................................................................ 22 3.1 Sewage sludge ...................................................................................................... 23 3.1.1 Sewage sludge types .................................................................................... 27 3.1.2 Quantity .......................................................................................................... 30 3.1.3 Sludge volume ............................................................................................... 30 3.1.4 Sludge composition ....................................................................................... 34 4 Municipal wastewater treatment plants ...................................................................... 47 4.1 DEWATS ............................................................................................................... 47 4.2 Waste water management program .................................................................... 48 4.2.1 Results of sludge analysis ............................................................................ 50 4.3 Learned outcomes ................................................................................................ 54 5 Sludge treatment and disposal options ...................................................................... 56 5.1 Goals of sludge treatment .................................................................................... 56 5.2 Processing elements ............................................................................................ 58 5.2.1 Pre-treatment ................................................................................................. 59 5.2.2 Transportation................................................................................................ 60 5.2.3 Stabilization.................................................................................................... 60 5.2.4 Disinfection .................................................................................................... 65 5.2.5 Removal of water .......................................................................................... 65 5.2.6 Drying ............................................................................................................. 70 5.2.7 Agricultural uses and landscape measures ................................................ 70 5.2.8 Biological re-uses .......................................................................................... 71 5.2.9 Thermal disposal (energy recovery) ............................................................ 74 5.2.10 Land-filling ...................................................................................................... 76 6 Sewage sludge management concept ....................................................................... 78 6.1 Avoidance .............................................................................................................. 79 6.2 Treatment .............................................................................................................. 79 6.2.1 Proposed treatment concept ........................................................................ 81 6.3 Re-use or Disposal ............................................................................................... 84 6.3.1 Small-scale concept ...................................................................................... 85 6.3.2 Medium- and large-scale concept ................................................................ 85 6.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 86 7 Guideline (draft) ............................................................................................................ 88 7.1 Formulation of a guidance document .................................................................. 88 8 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 89 9 References .................................................................................................................... 92 10 Appendices ................................................................................................................ 97 a) Calculation of sludge amount .................................................................................. 97 b) Guideline (draft) ........................................................................................................ 99 Declaration .......................................................................................................................... 106 / Die Diplomarbeit wurde im Rahmen des Deutsch-Vietnamesischem Auslandsaustauschprogramms an der „Hanoi University of Science“ verfasst. Dieses Vorhaben wurde unterstützt von dem DAAD (Deutschen Akademischen Austausch Dienst), und ist im technischem Bereich des Programms “Wastewater and Solid Waste Management in Provincial Centers“ einzugliedern. Die vorstehende Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem aktuellen Klärschlammmanagement in Vietnam und liefert dabei detaillierte Resultate zu verschiedenen Klarschlammtypen aus kommunalen Abwasserbehandlungsanlagen. Bei den Untersuchungen wurden verschiedene Abwasser- und Klärschlammbehandlungsanlagen untersucht, um einen Überblick zu den gebräuchlichen Behandlungsmethoden in Vietnam zu erarbeiten. Zusätzlich wurden die institutionellen und rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen überprüft. Der Entwurf einer Verordnung zur Verwertung von Klärschlamm in der Landwirtschaft wurde vorgelegt, um eine bestehende rechtliche Lücke in Vietnam zu schließen. Mit dieser Arbeit wurde ein integriertes Konzept entwickelt, welches mittels verschiedene verfahrenstechnische Elemente den Klärschlamm behandelt und darauffolgend das verwertbare Material in ausgewählten landwirtschaftlichen Flächen in einer kontrollierten und umweltschonenden Weise verwertet.:Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 4 List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................. 7 Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 8 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 10 2 Legal framework for sewage sludge management in Vietnam ................................. 13 2.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Institutional framework .......................................................................................... 13 2.3 Legal framework.................................................................................................... 15 2.4 Standards .............................................................................................................. 18 2.4.1 Technical standards ...................................................................................... 18 2.4.2 National standards ........................................................................................ 19 2.5 Current situation .................................................................................................... 20 3 Theoretical basis for the concept ................................................................................ 22 3.1 Sewage sludge ...................................................................................................... 23 3.1.1 Sewage sludge types .................................................................................... 27 3.1.2 Quantity .......................................................................................................... 30 3.1.3 Sludge volume ............................................................................................... 30 3.1.4 Sludge composition ....................................................................................... 34 4 Municipal wastewater treatment plants ...................................................................... 47 4.1 DEWATS ............................................................................................................... 47 4.2 Waste water management program .................................................................... 48 4.2.1 Results of sludge analysis ............................................................................ 50 4.3 Learned outcomes ................................................................................................ 54 5 Sludge treatment and disposal options ...................................................................... 56 5.1 Goals of sludge treatment .................................................................................... 56 5.2 Processing elements ............................................................................................ 58 5.2.1 Pre-treatment ................................................................................................. 59 5.2.2 Transportation................................................................................................ 60 5.2.3 Stabilization.................................................................................................... 60 5.2.4 Disinfection .................................................................................................... 65 5.2.5 Removal of water .......................................................................................... 65 5.2.6 Drying ............................................................................................................. 70 5.2.7 Agricultural uses and landscape measures ................................................ 70 5.2.8 Biological re-uses .......................................................................................... 71 5.2.9 Thermal disposal (energy recovery) ............................................................ 74 5.2.10 Land-filling ...................................................................................................... 76 6 Sewage sludge management concept ....................................................................... 78 6.1 Avoidance .............................................................................................................. 79 6.2 Treatment .............................................................................................................. 79 6.2.1 Proposed treatment concept ........................................................................ 81 6.3 Re-use or Disposal ............................................................................................... 84 6.3.1 Small-scale concept ...................................................................................... 85 6.3.2 Medium- and large-scale concept ................................................................ 85 6.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 86 7 Guideline (draft) ............................................................................................................ 88 7.1 Formulation of a guidance document .................................................................. 88 8 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 89 9 References .................................................................................................................... 92 10 Appendices ................................................................................................................ 97 a) Calculation of sludge amount .................................................................................. 97 b) Guideline (draft) ........................................................................................................ 99 Declaration .......................................................................................................................... 106