This thesis explores the concept of knowledge codification in the context of Knowledge Management (KM) in an organisation. In the KM literature, codification of knowledge into information is viewed as central to the notion that knowledge can be managed and transferred. However, such literature pays little attention to knowledge codification as a process, or to the complex issues which the concept of codification raises. The research therefore examines processes of knowledge codification in an organisation, and how codification plays a part in its emerging approach to Knowledge Management. The empirical research was conducted within the internal consultancy section of the UK Post Office, using a methodology of participant observation within the Knowledge Management consultancy group. The data were collected predominantly from participation in a KM project: This aimed to capture knowledge from consultants working on an overseas consultancy project, and to transfer their knowledge elsewhere in the Post Office through the medium of codified text. The research has gained in-depth insight into an organisation's approach to Knowledge Management, and generated significant findings about knowledge codification as a process. In particular, the analysis focuses on different levels of social interaction in which the processes of knowledge codification occurred, and finds that codification involves more than just the codification of knowledge into information: Codification also involves the process of defining the codes needed to codify knowledge. However, the codified knowledge will have limited transferability to individuals or groups who do not share the underlying knowledge and experience to enable them to decodify the codes similarly. The thesis therefore concludes that further research is needed to bring attention to the importance of knowledge decodification within the Knowledge Management discourse.

A supplier review system can play a significant role in ensuring the enforcement of procurement rules through its deterrent and redress effects. This thesis aims at providing a critical analysis of the current Chinese supplier review system and identifying and evaluating options for improvement of the Chinese system, based on the analysis of provisions on supplier review contained in the UNCITRAL Model Law on Procurement, the GPA, the EU Remedies Directives and APEC Non-Binding Principles on Government Procurement. This thesis first discusses key characteristics of national supplier review system, concerning forum for review, standing and procedures, and the remedies, provided in the Model Law and the other three international instruments; and then examines these main aspects of the current Chinese supplier review system. After critically analysing the current Chinese system, it has been found there are a number of important deficiencies in this system, in particular, there is uncertainty over the forum for review, the whole dispute resolution process can be quite lengthy and the available remedies are ineffective. These problems have hampered the effectiveness of the system and made it inconsistent with the international standards which may soon apply or currently actually apply to China, namely the GPA and APEC NBPs. To make the Chinese supplier review system truly effective and also comply with the existing/forthcoming international obligations, the author recommends reforms that aim to be effective yet capable of realistic achievement and also workable in the particular context of Chinese circumstances and the existing position in China. These include providing a unified supplier review system to all complaints regarding government procurement process, improving the current sequential tiered review system, revising the current provisions on standing and the time limit for initiation, offering clear rules on remedies and deleting unreasonable sanctions on the complaining supplier.

n the knowledge-based economy , knowledge has became unique and inimitable resource which can create sustainable competitive advantage for corporations . Due to the severe improvement of technology , corporations can adopt many effective tools to manage their knowledge , therefore , knowledge management become the most popular subject for businesses . This study is based on the ¡¥socio-technical model¡¦ to observe 12 cases(all of them are foreign corporations) which is implementing knowledge management. Furthermore , this study use two dimensions-technological and social dimension- to analyze the components in all KM projects.Finally,this study generalize four kinds of KM projects , they are Integration¡BInteraction¡BHyper-connection and Exploitation .

After more than three decades of legal reform under a promotion of the rule of law, it is opportune to assess and conceptualize the relationship between the legal reform and protection of human rights in China. The rule of law in China has been subjected to much controversy and debate. There are views that China at best desires and practices a rule by law under which the protection of human rights is a far-fetch goal. What further complicates the matter is that China’s legal reform is arriving at “crossroads” as it has exhausted most of the easy part of the reform. Legal reform today faces more difficulty in trying to accommodate and prioritize conflicting values and interests. This thesis aims to explore whether China’s legal reform towards the rule of law promote the protection of human rights. Using the distinction of thin and thick versions of rule of law, it is argued that the party-state aims to establish a Chinese rule of law integrating many basic standards of a thin rule of law. After decades of intensive reform many areas of law have incorporated certain principles of the thin rule of law. This process led to the advancement of human rights protection and rise of rights-consciousness. However, as the reform increasingly concerns more complicated issues that goes beyond “thin” solutions, the thesis argues that the conception of human rights come to play an important role in the decision-making.

IS Security (ISS) has become a key element of business risk management and can itself create competitive advantage. Thus, organisations seek practical approaches to protect the operation of the business. Protecting the functionality of an organisation is a difficult task but it is the responsibility of both senior management and ISS functions to do so. An analysis of the ISS literature reveals a paucity of research of ISS management, and a need for research to develop a holistic model for managing ISS knowledge to overcome the ever-increasing number of negative security incidents. The ISS research community is restrained by small-scale technical questions as the social aspects of ISS are ignored resulting in fragmented research across the IS field. While several possible methods are scattered throughout the literature – they focus on the development of information systems. ISS professionals require a range of skills encompassing business knowledge, legal awareness, and organisational processes as well as technical security knowledge. Research to date has failed to provide an integrated approach to managing ISS knowledge. This study investigates how ISS could leverage the concept of knowledge management. It proposes a theoretical model derived from the ISS and KM literatures. Thus to address this gap in research, this study adopts an exploratory interpretive holistic case study approach using interviews and document analysis as data gathering methods. The study will focus on the relationship between ISS and KM and the proposed benefits that an ISS KM initiative would produce. An analysis of the approaches used by these specialised structures in managing knowledge within and across the two case studies facilitated the development of an integrated model. The interplay between the functions provided rich description of the approaches used to manage knowledge. This research builds on previous studies documented in the ISS literature, by providing a much needed model against which practitioners may diagnose problems, plan action and implement solutions. ISS models and standards today do not exhibit much flexibility, therefore managers make ISS decisions in a vacuum. ISS problems can be managed or reduced when the ISS functions and management are aware of the full range of controls available and implement the most effective. Unfortunately, they often lack this knowledge and their subsequent actions to cope with threats are less effective. The focus of ISS research to date has been technical and grounded in positivism and few, if any, studies utilise a qualitative approach, therefore eliminating holistic, in-depth rich descriptions of core issues within the field. Comparatively little work has taken a managerial point of view, covering broad organisational and social issues. This study acknowledges these issues and provides a solid conceptual foundation for future studies on ISS by answering calls for a theoretical model to guide research in the area. The study also identifies the positive and negative impacts of compliance and describes how organisations can apply the model to overcome these negative effects.

This essay is focused on naval vessels as its main research aspect. It tries to find out in that area possible methods and strategies of applying knowledge management by probing into certain naval vessels for thorough comprehension of the knowledge content and ongoing ways of knowledge management needed for daily operations of each ship as a single case. In addition to the information obtained from ROC navy vessels concerning the problems and difficulties they are encountering when dealing with knowledge management, opinions consulted from experts and relative publications are combined to give suggestions of applicable knowledge management modes and strategies for the future. It is our expectation that through this research a reliable operation framework can be set up so as to keep, accumulate, transfer, and even create professional knowledge for our navy. It is our hope that the framework together with the modes and strategies will help to build up an intact system for knowledge management so as to render the utmost combat capability to our second-generation naval forces. Chapter 1 of this essay is the introduction. The content of the other chapters are briefly described as follows: Chapter 2. Essay study This chapter puts the emphasis on past study achievements concerning the objection of this essay. 3 sections are included. Section 1 is ¡§organization knowledge relative theories.¡¨ It includes the definition of knowledge, types of knowledge, knowledge innovation, organizational professional intellect and intellect capital. Section 2 is ¡§learning relative theories.¡¨ It includes organizational learning theories and the relation between personal learning and organizational learning. Section 3 is ¡§discussion of organization knowledge management.¡¨ It includes the discussion on definition and strategies of knowledge management, new roles of knowledge management in an organization, and, furthermore, the location to store up knowledge in an enterprise. Chapter 3. Research framework and methods In the first section ¡§research framework¡¨, knowledge management is divided into 4 observation items such as knowledge transfer, creation, accumulation, and expansion. The research framework is then set up in accordance to the operational definition. In the second section ¡§research methods¡¨, research methods and procedure of this essay will be described. In section 3 and 4, information gathering process, research targets and category will be introduced. Chapter 4 Target case analysis and discussion Section 1 is ¡¨organization background introduction of target case¡¨ which describes the developing history of research target organization, its background, and its subordinate relations with other organizations. Section 2 is ¡§motive and objective of knowledge management aboard naval ships¡¨ which describes the main purpose and reason naval ships apply knowledge management for. Section 3 is ¡§types and sources of knowledge¡¨ which reveals the types and sources of knowledge needed for carrying out tasks on ships by understanding their personnel arrangement and duties. Section 4 is ¡§ function and practical operation of knowledge management¡¨ which probes into the present practical operation of knowledge management by analyzing the personnel and tasks on ships. Chapter 5 Recommendation of knowledge management This chapter is to suggest applicable program of recommending knowledge management onto ships. Present knowledge management tools often used by enterprise organizations consist of as follows: information technology, computerization, questionnaire of knowledge diagnosis, knowledge strategy map, knowledge process chart, expert location chart, essentials of designing knowledge bank, knowledge entrance website design, essentials of knowledge society management, organizations for learning etc. Among the many solving programs of knowledge management, this chapter will discuss how to recommend knowledge management onto ships through the following 4 aspects: 1. Assigning new roles in organization 2. Strategy of developing knowledge management on ships 3. Support and practical patterns which information technology can provide 4. Strategy framework of recommending knowledge management Chapter 6 conclusion and suggestions Section 1 is the conclusion. Section 2 describes the difficulties and limitations this research has encountered. Finally, applicable suggestions for further developing are proposed according to the difficulties and limitations mentioned above.

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Knowledge management (KM) is regarded as a strategic asset and a source of competitive advantage for organisations. While the issues of KM have been widely discussed by many researchers, there is a paucity of studies pertaining to the role of KM in enhancing the performance of universities, especially Ghanaian universities. Similarly, there is the lack of formal strategy that would provide an appropriate framework for these systems to ensure maximum utilisation of available knowledge for competitive advantage. Due to this, Ghanaian universities have been continually reinventing the wheel each time they lose knowledge through expertise leaving the universities. This loss of knowledge through expert staff exiting raises the need to have systems and strategies in place that will help the universities to capture that relevant knowledge. The research thus set out to address these problems by assessing the implementation of KM systems in Ghanaian universities and the strategies that could be adopted to manage and safeguard knowledge as a competitive advantage and for future use. A survey and a mixed method research approach, which encompasses a questionnaire and interview schedules, were used to collect data from the stratified sampled respondents. One hundred and eighteen (80.27%) questionnaires were successfully received from the respondents, while all nine interviewees successfully responded to the interviews. Pattern matching, content analysis and explanation-building were used to analyse the qualitative data. The Microsoft spreadsheet and SPSS software were used to analyse the quantitative data and descriptive statistics in the form of tables, pie charts and histograms were used to present the findings. The findings of this study showed that: the concepts of KM was universally understood by the respondents; KM processes were effective; systems and facilities such as internet, intranet, e-mails, mobile technology and DVD/VCD/CD were used to facilitate KM at the universities; leadership, culture, technologies and strategies were the KM enablers; e-learning, coaching and mentorship, communities of practice, and storytelling were the main strategies used to manage and safeguard knowledge; and KM systems had a positive impact on the universities. The study finally formulated an integrated KM framework to guide the implementation of KM systems in universities. / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

In the business and the operation management, business strategies and operation guidelines are manually recorded on paper in large repositories. The data include standard operating procedures, work instructions, technical documents, manufacturing specifications and training materials. However, many companies are facing problems of document managements including a lack of updated information, document duplication, file misplacement and inconsistency, etc. Furthermore, accumulated working experiences, considered as parts of the most valuable resources of companies, are not well preserved after resignations and retirements of senior employees. This critical situation is apparent especially in those companies established over decades and affects the operation efficiency and the future expansion. This study helps understand the needs of document managements and shares experiences of document management implementations in the company. The standard processes of the document management includes source establishment, information review, data examination and format, file security and restoration and user feedback. In fact, most of companies do not carry out the entire processes. Companies can develop their own document management systems according to their business formats and operation demands. With the advent of computers, companies build up document management concepts by applying software like MIS. In addition, companies can also use ISO document management processes as the paradigm for the document management establishment. The document management gives companies abilities to learn faster and take better reactions in the market. Efficiency becomes the competitive advantage of the company which is able to outperform competitors in the industry.

Up to now, the extant research has emphasized the employment of KM to gain competitive advantage for organization, but few studies address the relevance of KM environment to support the strategic objective. Gartner has proposed a classification scheme for KM implementation, which indicates that life cycle of KM practice, but the study still falls short of guiding organizations to implement the suggested KM category. The motivation and purpose of this study are induced. This study attempts to investigate the impact on KM implementation based on the organizational learning perspective. The investigation is conducted through a case study approach, where some companies with best KM practice are included. The findings based on case study results indicate that environment uncertainty, organizational orientation, and task type can influence organizational learning behavior and subsequent the deployment of KM systems. In summary, organizations may implement different KM systems depending on the environment confronted by the organization. This study is focused upon the difference in KM systems deployed by various organizations. Past research has assumed that all organizations have similar needs in KM and therefore proposed an uniform IT framework to suit organizational needs. This argument has been refuted by this research. We suggested that KM is a multi-facet phenomenon, in which many enablers contribute to the working of KM. An organization ought to establish its KM environment based on its organization imperatives and learning needs.