Výměnná anizotropie je zajímavý fyzikální jev vznikající na rozhraní antiferomagnetických (AF) a feromagnetických (FM) materiálů, který již je široce používán v elektronickém průmyslu a magnetickém záznamu. Přestože byl tento jev dlouhou dobu intenzivně studován, jeho přesný mechanizmus zatím nebyl uspokojivě vysvětlen. V této práci je představen přehled studií dokumentujících výměnnou anizotropii v tenkých dvojvrstvách, včetně experimentálních výsledků a teoretických modelů. Experimentální úkoly této diplomové práce zahrnovaly jak výrobu, tak měření různých modelových systémů vykazujících výměnnou anizotropii. Dvojvrstva Fe/FeRh, kde vrstva FeRh prochází fázovou přeměnou z AF fáze na FM fázi při 360 K, poskytuje možnost nastavení parametrů výměnné anizotropie. Dále byly zkoumány účinky výměnné anizotropie a tvarové anizotropie v mikrostrukturách Fe/FeRh. Konečně, přítomnost výměnné anizotropie byla zkoumána mezi FM a AF fází koexistujícími během fázové přeměny v nanodrátech FeRh. Vzorky byly vyrobeny pomocí magnetronového naprašování a elektronové litografie. Všechny prezentované systémy byly analyzovány pomocí magnetooptické Kerrovy mikroskopie. Výměnná anizotropie byla úspěšně nalezena v systému Fe/FeRh, přičemž její velikost byla téměř identická co do rozsahu i orientace s výsledky v literatuře, přestože námi vyrobená dvojvrstva měla horší kvalitu FM-AF rozhraní. Bylo také prokázáno, že v tomto systému existuje tzv. tréninkový efekt (Training effect), což je výrazným důkazem existence výměnné anizotropie. U nanodrátů bylo změřena významná výměnná anizotropie mezi koexistujícími fázemi FM a AF během fázové přeměny.

Polyploidization (whole-genome duplication) is widely considered one of the most important evolutionary forces driving the diversification of flowering plants. Polyploids tend to originate recurrently and many plant species retain individuals of two or more different ploidy levels in certain parts of their distributional range of even within their populations. The main aim of this thesis was to address the understudied aspects of polyploid speciation by employing new, convenient methods and/or studying plant model systems with unique features. Difference in monoploid genome size of Tripleurospermum inodorum (Asteraceae) cytotypes provided a unique opportunity for addressing the rate of spontaneous polyploidization in natural populations by enabling the easy distinction of neopolyploid mutants from long-established polyploids in routine flow-cytometric analyses. Repeated ploidy screening in mixed-ploidy populations of annual T. inodorum have been, to our knowledge, the very first attempt to document temporal changes in cytotype composition in situ. In spite of considerable between- year oscillations in cytotype frequencies, both diploids and tetraploids usually persisted locally for several consecutive years. The common incidence of such ploidy mixtures along with a partial fertility of triploid...

Using a method of regional probing, the diploma work seeks to map the evolution of relations between the Czech majority and the German minority that resided in the former political district of Policka. The analysis concentrates on the period of 1897-1946, with a concentration focusing on the culture of "remembering" and the ways in which both ethnic groups came to divergent interpretations of their mutually-shared history. The author strives to identify the factors that influneced the actions and positions of the local populace during the key political events of 1918, 1938 and 1945. He concentrates not only on the everday interactions between both ethnic groups, but also on the conditions that both groups found themelves in during the so-called "National Confrontation."

In recent decades, it was shown that belowground competition for some plants may take form of the tragedy of the commons (TOC). In these plants, the competing neighbours invest more in root systems than would be appropriate for optimal nutrient uptake for the group and also more than they do when grown alone. However, there is also strong evidence that other species do not follow TOC, and tailor their root system to best nutrient exploitation irrespectively of competitor presence. The root investment strategy of these plants should correspond to the ideal free distribution (IFD). In my thesis I focus on two aspects:  I use game theoretical models to explore, whether those strategies can coexist within species and also whether different species can coexist if they have different strategy. From this model I draw predictions, which I test by meta-analysis.  Using Agrostis stolonifera as a model, I test assumptions on nutrient and neighbour perception, which underlie TOC and IFD models. I show that according to mathematical models, those two strategies can coexist in different species in a community, but cannot coexist within a species. Within a species, the TOC strategy should always dominate, once it appears. This can be extrapolated to macroevolutionary scale - once TOC occurs in certain clade, it should...

The dissertation thesis deals with a WLAN and Bluetooth systems coexistence. A Bluetooth standard works in an unlicensed frequency band 2,402 – 2,480 GHz. This frequency band is also used by an IEEE 802.11b/g standard (Wi-Fi) which is the most extended representative of WLAN networks. Because Bluetooth and Wi-Fi systems operate in the same frequency band, a mutual signal degradation may appear, when devices are collocated in the same area. In the first part of the dissertation thesis there is a brief summary of 2,402 - 2,480 GHz frequency band regulations and its usage. There are described physical layers of Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11b/g standards and techniques used for a collision avoidance. The main part of the dissertation thesis deals with a development of a new Matlab Simulink model for investigations of the Bluetooth and Wi-Fi standards coexistence. Physical layer models and results of the coexistence simulations are verified by a measurement in real conditions with a help of a modern vector signal analyzer. The results are presented in a graphical form and a brief summary is attached at the end of each chapter. Corresponding tables of simulated and measured values are available in the enclosed CD.

The dissertation thesis deals with the investigation of the coexistence of GSM–EDGE and UMTS systems with focus on the physical layer of the systems. The aim is to provide a set of recommendations for practical cooperation while the systems operate in both the separated and the common radio bands. A detailed description of signal processing of both the systems on the physical layer is presented. On the basis of this description, models of both systems were created and implemented in the MATLAB environment. The simulations are focused on the physical layer quality parameters, especially the bit error ratio evaluation for various ratios of useful signal power to noise power during the transmission over the radio channel. Simulation is also used to examine the quality of received useful signal while it is interfered by signals from the same and adjacent channels. The purpose is to determine the isolation between these adjacent channels, when the bit error ratio of the useful signal does not exceed a certain reference value. The simulation results are subsequently subjected to comparison with the results of the experimental measurements in laboratory conditions. Before the measurements are carried out, a study of possible interference types is performed. Consequently, the crucial parameters of the measuring equipment used are verified. From the results of simulations and measurements, the proposal of a minimum and recommended carrier separation between both the systems is presented in order to efficiently utilize the assigned frequency spectrum. Furthermore, for the cooperation in both the separated and the common radio bands, the necessary precautions are given for reaching the required isolation and thereby inter-system interference minimization.