Law of Pharmaceutical Patents in International Trade Agreements Klíčová slova: TRIPS, Patents, Pharmaceuticals Abstract Trade related aspects of intellectual property rights - especially pharmaceutical patents - were one of the most controversial topics in Trans-Pacific Partnership and Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership negotiations. Whereas just thirty years ago international intellectual property law was mostly tied to the multilateral playground of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property rights (TRIPS), nowadays we can see increasing bilateralism and regionalism in this area. The agreements that build on the protection guaranteed by the TRIPS agreement are known as TRIPS-plus agreements. One of the root causes that led developed countries to promote intellectual property rights shifting from multilateralism to regionalism was the increased negotiation power tied to a smaller playground. This thesis argues that there is a shift in intellectual property rights regulations from multilateral to bilateral and regional trade agreements. This shifting serves the purpose of promoting increasingly extensive intellectual property rights protection. In its theoretical chapter the thesis describes the powers that formed the foundation of the World Trade Organisation. It...

Charles university in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Anorganic and Organic Chemistry Candidate: Ondřej Vidrna Supervisor: PharmDr. Karel Palát, CSc Title of diploma thesis: Synthesis of substituted arylguanidines as potential drugs IX. The increasing incidence of diseases caused by fungal and mycotic pathogens, many of which acquire resistance to available antifungal substances, causes the need for a search for new molecules inhibiting their growth. The worldwide research is focused on substances derived from guanidine which were found to be potentially active against many strains of fungi and bacteria. Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové has been researching these substances for many years. The aim is to get the most active compounds from the group of substituted arylguanidines and find a structure-activity relationships effect of these substances. In this study the seven previously undescribed molecules were synthesized: 1-(4- methyl-2-octylsulfanyl)phenylguanidinium nitrate, 1-(4-methyl-2-dodecylsulfanyl) phenylguanidinium nitrate, 1-(4-methyl-2-dodecylsulfanyl)phenyl-3,3-dimethylguanidine, octyl-(4-methyl-2-nitrophenyl)sulfide, 5-methyl-2-(octylsulfanyl)aniline, dodecyl-(4-methyl-2- nitrophenyl)sulfide and 5-methyl-2-(dodecylsulfanyl)aniline. Three of them were...

Analýza rozdílných přístupů v prodeji a propagaci originálních léků a generických následovníků. Výzkum, který by měl potvrdit, zda originální léky jsou propagovány na základě kvality a nižších vedlejších účinků a generika na základě ceny. Zda na propagaci mají vliv postoje lékařů, pojišťoven a lékárníků? Popis současné situace na českém trhu, zákonná omezení.

The goal of this diploma thesis is the estimation of the objective value of a pharmacy as of 31. 12. 2010. In line with standard valuation process, in the first part the financial analysis gives a fair estimate of the financial health and effectivity of the company. Subsequently, the strategic analysis deals with long-term perspectives of the respective company, together with a detailed analysis of the company's industry. The first two parts are used as a basis for prognosis of value generators and financial plan preparation. The final value of the company is determined by means of two methods, DCF equity and capitalized net earnings method.

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Introduction: Proportion of seniors in the world population is growing and substantial attention is given to population aging worldwide. Geriatric patients present very heterogenous group of patients with high interindividual differences. With increasing age number of chronic and degenerative disorders increases, drug consumption raises and consequently also polypharmacy. The more medications a senior consume, the higher probability of prescription of high-risk medications he/she has. With the aim to rationalize drug prescribing in geriatric patients, significant number of explicit criteria of medications/medication procedures potentially inappropriate in older age has been published. The aim of this diploma thesis was to evaluate prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescribing in geriatric population in studies published between 1991 and 2015 years and to further evaluate the most frequently prescribed potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in these studies. Methods: Detailed literature search has been conducted with the use of PubMed and Web of Science databases. Studies dealing with potentially inappropriate prescribing that have been published from 1st January 1991 to 31st December 2015 were included. Data from scientific articles were summarized in the first part of the diploma...

Logistický řetězec farmaceutického průmyslu je čím dál tím více složitější a propojenější a tak je nezbytné pro většinu společností disponovat spolehlivým a bezpečným distribučním systémem. Pod rostoucím tlakem na snižování cen je pro každou společnost nutné řídit svůj dodavatelský řetězec tak, aby byla schopna dodávat na trh kvalitní produkty za příznivé a konkurenceschopné ceny. Jen takto je schopna obstát v tvrdé konkurenci.

The work analyzes trends in medicines used in specialized medical centers from ATC (Anatomical-Therapeutic-Chemical Classification System) L01 in Czech Republic from perspective of the State Institute of Drug Control (SUKL) and of Czech Health Insurance Companies (Vseobecna zdravotni pojistovna Ceske republiky as the biggest one, and rest joined in Svaz zdravotnich pojišťoven Ceske republiky). SUKL perspective considers medicines delivered to healthcare facilities and the other side providing information regarding payments for L01 medicines between years 2012-2015. Conclusions presented show slightly decreasing trend in terms of number of packages delivered (935 ths. in 2012 and 931 ths. in 2015). On the other hand, value of medicines has increased from 5 067 mil. CZK in 2012 to 6 568 mil. CZK in 2015. The increase in value and decrease in volume in the same time (while prices remain stable or decreasing) indicates trend in increasing size of packaging or entry of new strength (with more active ingredient and therefore more expensive) e.g. entry of Herceptin 600 mg in 2014. This paper further identifies the most expensive medicines in ATC L01 group and starts a discussion about possible reasons of discrepancies between different sources of data which are for the most expensive medicines in hundreds of mil. CZK in value and ths. of packages in terms of volume (e.g. Avastin in 2014: difference 104 mil. CZK and 5 598 packages).

- David Větvička, M.Sc . Many researchers have, in the past, focused on pathophysiological features of tumor tissue, various tumor-nonmalignant cell interactions, and secretion of active molecules within the tumor mass. All these aspects of tumor structure are known as tumor microenvironment. The composition of particular tumor ecosystem is highly variable, with differences between various tumor types, even between patients with the same diagnosis, and in separate areas of the same tumor. Moreover, further changes in tumor microenvironment often occur during the progression of the disease. Studies of tumor microenvironment have revealed both novel targets for therapy and new prognostic markers. New therapy modalities are being developed to target these discovered features, including drugs functioning to boost anti-malignancy immunity, to block pro-metastatic potential, or to utilize the unique features of this pathological environment established by the tumor. These are obviously of great interest and harbor high potential for better management of malignant diseases. The focus of this thesis is to study the interactions of polymeric drug delivery systems within the tumor microenvironment and to utilize various features of this specific niche for drug delivery research. We have followed three...

Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacognosy Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Lenka Tůmová, CSc. Student: Tereza Sigmundová Title of Thesis: Flavonoids and natural coumarins interactions with conventional medicine Keywords: medicinal plant, flavonoids, coumarins, interactions The aim of this diploma thesis is to give an overview of the interactions between conventional drugs and simultaneous use of flavonoids, coumarins or medicinal plants containing flavonoids and coumarins. Cited literature includes articles published since 2000 till 2018, that were collected mostly using online databases (Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar). Flavonoids can affect the metabolism of drugs through interaction with CYP450 enzymes, P-glycoprotein, ABC or SLC transporters. This type of interaction is particularly important for drugs with narrow therapeutic index such as cyclosporin, digoxin or warfarin. Furanocoumarins contained for example in grapefruit juice cause irreversible inhibition of CYP3A4 enzyme and affect the pharmacokinetics of many drugs. The major drug classes that have been reported to present pharmacodynamic interactions with flavonoids or natural coumarins are anticoagulants, cytostatics and central nervous system agents. The thesis also describes...