This diploma thesis deals with the selected institutes and specifics of patent law in pharmaceutical industry. The aim is to analyze and critically evaluate these institutes and specifics. Although the topic requires a certain overlap into different scientific fields, the thesis emphasizes on the legal aspects of these institutes. The thesis is based on the Czech legislation; however, many chapters require an insight into the European or/and international legal context. Furthermore, the case law of a foreign court and the European Patent Office is also presented. To begin with, the thesis deals with definitions of the key terms of a patent law and presents a brief overview of the legislation on the national level as well as internationally. In the next chapter the area of pharmaceutical industry is introduced, more specifically its historical background and a specific terminology used in such area. The thesis contains a chapter dealing with the area of biotechnology as well. In the crucial part of this thesis, firstly general requirements for patentability of inventions are defined and the question of patentability of biotechnological inventions is evaluated. The attitude towards patentability of genetic modifications and cloning is evaluated more closely. Furthermore the requirements of the gene's...

Introduction: Older persons represent a quickly growing segment of the population worldwide and more vulnerable population to various adverse drug reactions and adverse outcomes. Many explicit criteria of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) have been developed in different countries in order to improve the quality and safety of geriatric prescribing and to reduce the risk of drugs in older adults. The aim of this diploma thesis was to summarize (using narrative literature review) the negative outcomes of potentially inappropriate medications documented in pharmacoepidemological studies published by 2016 year. The outputs of diploma thesis create a part of the effort of the research subgroup "Aging and Changes in the Therapeutic Value of Medications in the Aged" and EU COST Action initiative IS1402 (2015-2018). Methods: The literature review using PubMed and Web of Science datasets during the period 10/2015 - 1/2017 was conducted. 421 studies were identified during the primary literature search and after thorough consideration of abstracts 67 (16%) of studies were selected for works on summary tables (354 of studies were excluded because in these studies only prevalence of PIMs, no negative outcomes were documented, or PIMs were defined based on implicit criteria or full text of articles...

Farmaceutický průmysl je velmi prestižním odvětvím, ve kterém se točí spousta peněz. Pro rok 2006 bylo za léčiva utraceno 64 miliard Kč. Kategorizace léčiv je jedním z nástrojů lékové politiky, jak zamezit stále rostoucím nákladům na farmakoterapii. Práce podává souhrnný přehled o jednotlivých stakeholders v oblasti lékové politiky, vývoji lékové politiky v ČR, spotřebě léčiv a celkově analyzuje situaci v ČR.

This diploma thesis deals with legislative regulations in providing welfare (well-being) and health of animals. The impuls for this diploma are the cattle breeders facing to increasing requierements targeting the provision of welfare of livestock. These requirements are leading to changes especially in the field of the production technology in case of both newly installed and exististing breeding technology. The changes mentioned above result from directives adopted in the European Union and are implemented to the Czech legislation. The main attention is concentrated on the issue of welfare and health of animals in the stock of layers and beef-cattles or more precisely in the stock of dairy cattles. The essence of the diploma thesis consists in the analysis of economic consequences of implemented regulations for breeders of mentioned animal husbandry in the Czech Republic. Economic analysis considers costs and economic effectiveness of new technology and the distrbution shed use for farms.

This thesis deals with the oxidative degradation of the active pharmaceutical substance ticagrelor, which is used together with acetylsalicylic acid as a prevention against atherothrombotic events in adult patients. In this thesis, oxidation was studied both in the traditional way using hydrogen peroxide and the new electrochemical approach. The oxidation was performed with a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide at 50 řC in various solvents. An electrochemical method for the oxidation of ticagrelor was developed as part of the thesis. This method was then optimized to achieve the highest possible oxidation efficiency. The thesis also investigated the effect of excipients on the oxidation rate. Degradation products were evaluated using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. The structures of all the degradation products formed were identified using a QDA mass detector. Key words: UPLC, electrolysis, degradation studies, pharmaceuticals

The diploma thesis is focused on consumer behavior in the market of alteranative medicine. The aim of this work is identification the factors that are decisive for the use of alterantive medicine product and services, to define consumer segments in this market, analyze their typical behavior and than draw conclusions and recommendations for market players. An indicative analys has made it possible to describe the situation on this and the competitive markets. Using questionnaire survey, primary data was obtained that serves to segment consumers. From the result of the cluster analysis are define five segments of consumers operating in this market. To complement the charasteristic of individual segment was used the qualitative research in the form od in-depth interviews. The results of secondary and primary analysis enabled to come to conslusions and recommendations for consumers and alterantíve medice providers.

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Candidate: Tereza Klapková Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. PharmDr. František Trejtnar, CSc. Title of diploma thesis: Recent knowledge on drug effect on male fertility Among the various types of side effects presented in clinically used drugs, negative effects on male reproductive functions can be find. This issue seems to be important and current especially due to the general trend of the decrease in fertility in men and the increasing drug use in younger age groups. The aim of this diploma thesis was to create an overview summarizing current expert knowledge on the effect of drugs on male fertility. For this purpose, we selected relevant publications in the PubMed database, perform their analysis and create the text ofthe thesis. The review focuses mainly on groups of drugs that are often clinically used and discussed in relation to male fertility, such as drugs acting on the cardiovascular system, antimicrobial drugs, drugs used in pain therapy, antidepressants, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, immunosuppressants and some other drugs. In addition to standard drugs, the review also includes several important natural substances, which are used as adjunctive therapy of various diseases or are important from a...

Cancer remains one of the most pressing issues of contemporary science and medicine. Incidence of malignant diseases is rising worldwide and they represent a major problem for the society due to both economic and ethical issues they cause. Although the progress in cancer biology, therapy and immunology has led to the introduction of many novel therapeutic protocols, approaches and drugs with specificity defined on a molecular level into clinical practice, many malignancies retain their poor prognosis. Therefore, intense research into new ways to increase our therapeutic options is warranted. Unfortunately, bringing a completely novel drug into clinical use takes extremely high amounts of time and money and entails a high risk of failure. Therefore, a promising approach has been recently adopted which lies in repurposing compounds already used in human medicine for cancer treatment. This form of research can advance through clinical trials for a new indication much easier, faster and cheaper than researching completely new drugs. The aim of this study was to examine the anticancer potential of one such drug, mebendazole. An anthelminthic from the family of benzimidazoles, mebendazole has been in common clinical use from the 1970s and is marked by its low toxicity as well as its very low solubility....

Drug interactions of cardiovascular drugs and their analysis in the patients of community pharmacy Author: Zuzana Vávrová1 Tutor: PharmDr. Josef Malý, Ph.D.1 1 Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Introduction: Drug interactions represent a serious health problem and they cause many hospitalizations. Although their identification and documentation received a considerable attention, they remain unrecognized for many patients. Objectives: The goal of the thesis was to analyze serious drug interactions between cardiovascular drugs, to describe their management in clinical practice, which is useful during dispensation, and to evaluate occurrence of these drug interaction in a community pharmacy. Methodology: The information was gained from several databases and compared, and afterwards management of major drug interactions of betablockers and calcium channel blockers was created. Patients of a community pharmacy were screened for these drug interactions. The data were processed by frequency analysis. Results: In the theoretical part, 94 drug interactions were analysed. The total number of patients who received betablockers or calcium channel blockers in the community pharmacy was 525. Serious drug interactions described in this...

In the thesis, we developed and studied a novel polymer delivery system for the DNA-intercalator bearing radioisotope iodine-125. Auger electrons emitting radioisotopes (such as iodine-125 or indium-111) are a potentially effective cancer treatment. Their use as an effective cancer therapy requires that they will be transported within close proximity of DNA, where they induce double-strand breaks leading to the cell death. This type of therapy may be even more beneficial when associated with drug delivery systems. The DNA intercalators proved to be effective carriers for the delivery of Auger electron emitters into DNA. Therefore, the new radioiodinated DNA-intercalating ellipticinium derivatives were synthesized and characterized. These compounds were linked to N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymer with narrow molecular weight distribution via acid-sensitive hydrazone linker. The structure of the linker plays a crucial role in the biological effectivity of the delivery system, so it was optimized to be stable at pH 7.4 (representing the pH of blood plasma), whereas in slightly acidic pH in endosomes after the cell internalization, the radioiodine-containing biologically active intercalator is rapidly released from its polymer carrier. The intercalating ability of the active compound was...