This dissertation analyzes the complex relationships between language, immigration, and labor and housing market outcomes. First, I model the urban labor market as segmented by language barriers. The prediction of this segmentation theory is confirmed by Canadian Census data, which allow me to identify a worker's labor market segment by her work language. Second, I explore whether the housing market reflects people's willingness to pay for higher quality social-ethnic interactions. By combining housing transaction data and Census information, I am able to test such a relationship with positive results. Finally, I ask what properties housing price series have if some people have better knowledge of the future immigration/migration flows to a city. Under this setup, the price series become serially correlated and the price volatility varies over time. The model also explains the long-standing price-volume relationship in housing transaction data.

This dissertation analyzes the complex relationships between language, immigration, and labor and housing market outcomes. First, I model the urban labor market as segmented by language barriers. The prediction of this segmentation theory is confirmed by Canadian Census data, which allow me to identify a worker's labor market segment by her work language. Second, I explore whether the housing market reflects people's willingness to pay for higher quality social-ethnic interactions. By combining housing transaction data and Census information, I am able to test such a relationship with positive results. Finally, I ask what properties housing price series have if some people have better knowledge of the future immigration/migration flows to a city. Under this setup, the price series become serially correlated and the price volatility varies over time. The model also explains the long-standing price-volume relationship in housing transaction data.

This dissertation analyzes the complex relationships between language, immigration, and labor and housing market outcomes. First, I model the urban labor market as segmented by language barriers. The prediction of this segmentation theory is confirmed by Canadian Census data, which allow me to identify a worker's labor market segment by her work language. Second, I explore whether the housing market reflects people's willingness to pay for higher quality social-ethnic interactions. By combining housing transaction data and Census information, I am able to test such a relationship with positive results. Finally, I ask what properties housing price series have if some people have better knowledge of the future immigration/migration flows to a city. Under this setup, the price series become serially correlated and the price volatility varies over time. The model also explains the long-standing price-volume relationship in housing transaction data. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

Labor market indicators such as unemployment and labor force participation show a significant amount of heterogeneity across demographic groups, which is often not incorporated in monetary policy analysis. This dissertation is composed of three essays that explore the effect of labor market heterogeneity on the design and conduct of monetary policy. The first chapter, <b>Effect of Monetary Policy Shocks on Labor Market Outcomes</b>, studies this question empirically by looking at dynamics of macroeconomic outcomes to a monetary policy shock. I construct a measure of monetary policy shock using narrative methods that represent the unanticipatory changes in policy. Impulse response of unemployment rates for high and low-skill workers show low-skill workers bear a greater burden of contractionary monetary policy shock. Their unemployment rates increase by almost four times that of the high-skill group. Even though we see differences in dynamic response of unemployment rates, the empirical analysis shows some puzzling results where effects of contractionary shock are expansionary in nature. Moreover, these results are plagued by the “recursiveness assumption” that the shock does not affect current output and prices, which is at odds with theoretical models in the New Keynesian literature. In the second chapter, <b>Skill Heterogeneity in an Estimated DSGE Model</b>, I use a structural model to better identify these shocks and study dynamic responses of outcomes to economic shocks. I build a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model, which captures skill heterogeneity in the U.S. labor market. I use Bayesian estimation techniques with data on unemployment and wages to obtain distribution of key parameters of the model. Low-skilled workers have a higher elasticity of labor supply and labor demand, contributing to the flatness of the wage Phillips curve estimated using aggregate data. A contractionary monetary policy shock has immediate effects on output and prices, lowering both output and inflation. Moreover, it increases unemployment rates for both high and low-skill groups, the magnitude being larger for the latter group. The presence of labor market heterogeneity will have new implications for the design of monetary policy, that I study in the third chapter, <b>Optimal Monetary Policy with Skill Heterogeneity</b>. I design an optimal policy for the central bank where policymakers respond to the different inflation-unemployment trade-off between high and low-skill workers. The monetary authority must strike a balance between stabilization of inflation, GDP and outcomes of high and low-skill workers separately. This optimal policy can be implemented by a simple interest rate rule with unemployment rates for high and low-skill workers and this policy is welfare improving.

The primary aim of the thesis is to explain informality with the help of labor market segmentation theory in the case of Turkey. In so doing, the informalization process in Turkey is discussed with reference to not only the definitional confusions in different conceptualizations of the informal sector in the literature, but also trade liberalization, privatization, subcontracting relationships and the notion of &ldquo / flexible firm&rdquo / , as well. In order to find an answer to the question of &ldquo / how the dimensions of informality fit into the perception about labor market segmentation theory&rdquo / , the field surveys conducted by different authors are analyzed. The findings of these field surveys confirm a possible explanation of informalization via labor market segmentation theory in Turkey.

The present study examined the extent to which the U.S. STEM labor market is stratified in terms of quality of employment. Through a series of cluster analyses and Chi-square tests on data drawn from the 2008 Survey of Income Program Participation (SIPP), the study found evidence of segmentation in the highly-skilled STEM and non-STEM samples, which included workers with a subbaccalaureate diploma or above. The cluster analyses show a pattern consistent with Labor Market Segmentation theory: Higher wages are associated with other primary employment characteristics, including health insurance and pension benefits, as well as full-time employment. In turn, lower wages showed a tendency to cluster with secondary employment characteristics, such as part-time employment, multiple employment, and restricted access to health insurance and pension benefits. The findings also suggest that women have a higher likelihood of being employed in STEM jobs with secondary characteristics. The findings reveal a far more variegated employment landscape than is usually presented in national reports of the STEM workforce. There is evidence that, while STEM employment may be more resilient than non-STEM employment to labor restructuring trends in the new economy, the former is far from immune to secondary labor characteristics. There is a need for ongoing dialogue between STEM education (at all levels), employers, policymakers, and other stakeholders to truly understand not only the barriers to equity in employment relations, but also the mechanisms that create and maintain segmentation and how they may impact women, underrepresented minorities, and the foreign-born.

O objetivo geral desta tese é avaliar a segmentação setorial, entre a agropecuária e os setores não agropecuários, no mercado de trabalho brasileiro de 2004 a 2009. A segmentação do mercado de trabalho reduz a mobilidade de trabalhadores entre os setores, alterando a alocação desses e gerando diferencial de rendimentos entre os trabalhadores. Para a análise do impacto da segmentação sobre a alocação dos trabalhadores, é estimado um modelo de escolha multinomial de forma a determinar qual é o efeito de cada característica sobre a probabilidade do indivíduo pertencer a um dos estados de emprego, desemprego e inatividade propostos. E, para a avaliação do impacto da segmentação sobre o diferencial de rendimentos, inicialmente, os determinantes do rendimento são estimados por meio do procedimento de Heckman, controlando-se a seleção para os trabalhadores remunerados. O impacto da segmentação sobre o diferencial de rendimentos é avaliado por meio de uma variável binária para o setor agropecuário (regressão de rendimentos inclui a agropecuária e os demais setores) e pela decomposição de Oaxaca (regressões de rendimentos separadas para a agropecuária e para os demais setores). Em seguida, a diferença entre os rendimentos é explicada considerando-se a população com duas ocupações, utilizando um procedimento em dois estágios com seleção por meio de um modelo de escolha ordenada. Neste modelo, procura-se avaliar o impacto da segmentação sobre a diferença entre o rendimento da primeira e da segunda ocupação de um mesmo indivíduo, assim controlando suas características não observáveis. Em todas as estimativas, são utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra em Domicílios (PNAD). Os resultados mostram que há segmentação setorial entre a agropecuária e os setores não agropecuários (tomados em conjunto), sendo que a mobilidade entre esses dois setores é limitada, principalmente, pelas seguintes características: a escolaridade do indivíduo, ser cônjuge, ser indígena e morar na zona rural. Além disso, há diferencial de rendimentos em favor dos setores não agropecuários, que também apresentam mercado de trabalho interno mais desenvolvido que a agropecuária, pois são percebidos maiores incentivos à mobilidade na carreira e à redução da rotatividade dos trabalhadores naqueles setores. A tese encerra-se com a proposição de algumas políticas que possam minimizar os efeitos da segmentação e aumentar o bem-estar dos trabalhadores. / The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the sectoral segmentation between agriculture and non-agriculture in the Brazilian labor market from 2004 to 2009. The labor market segmentation reduces the mobility of workers among sectors, changing the allocation of workers and generating income differential among them. To analyze the impact of segmentation on the allocation of workers, a multinomial choice model is estimated in order to determine the effect of each characteristic on the probability of an person belonging to one of the proposed situation of employment, unemployment and inactivity. And, to assess the impact of segmentation on the income differential, initially, the determinants of income are estimated by the Heckman procedure, controlling the selection of paid workers. The impact of segmentation on the income differential is evaluated by a binary variable for the agricultural sector (regression of income includes agriculture and other sectors) and the Oaxaca decomposition (separate regressions of income for agriculture and other sectors). Then, the income difference is explained by considering the population with two jobs, using a procedure in two stages with selection through an ordered choice model. In this model, we attempt to assess the impact of segmentation on the difference between the earnings of the first and second occupation of the same person, what permits to control the unobservable characteristics. Data used is from the National Sample Survey of Households (PNAD). The results show that there is segmentation between agriculture and non-agriculture and mobility between the two sectors is primarily limited by the following characteristics: formal education, marital status, being indigenous and living in rural areas. In addition, there is income differential in favor of non-agricultural sector, which also have internal labor market more developed than agriculture, as there are greater incentives to career mobility and reduction of labor turnover in those sectors. The thesis concludes with the proposition of some policies that can minimize the effects of segmentation and increase the welfare of workers.

O objetivo geral desta tese é avaliar a segmentação setorial, entre a agropecuária e os setores não agropecuários, no mercado de trabalho brasileiro de 2004 a 2009. A segmentação do mercado de trabalho reduz a mobilidade de trabalhadores entre os setores, alterando a alocação desses e gerando diferencial de rendimentos entre os trabalhadores. Para a análise do impacto da segmentação sobre a alocação dos trabalhadores, é estimado um modelo de escolha multinomial de forma a determinar qual é o efeito de cada característica sobre a probabilidade do indivíduo pertencer a um dos estados de emprego, desemprego e inatividade propostos. E, para a avaliação do impacto da segmentação sobre o diferencial de rendimentos, inicialmente, os determinantes do rendimento são estimados por meio do procedimento de Heckman, controlando-se a seleção para os trabalhadores remunerados. O impacto da segmentação sobre o diferencial de rendimentos é avaliado por meio de uma variável binária para o setor agropecuário (regressão de rendimentos inclui a agropecuária e os demais setores) e pela decomposição de Oaxaca (regressões de rendimentos separadas para a agropecuária e para os demais setores). Em seguida, a diferença entre os rendimentos é explicada considerando-se a população com duas ocupações, utilizando um procedimento em dois estágios com seleção por meio de um modelo de escolha ordenada. Neste modelo, procura-se avaliar o impacto da segmentação sobre a diferença entre o rendimento da primeira e da segunda ocupação de um mesmo indivíduo, assim controlando suas características não observáveis. Em todas as estimativas, são utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra em Domicílios (PNAD). Os resultados mostram que há segmentação setorial entre a agropecuária e os setores não agropecuários (tomados em conjunto), sendo que a mobilidade entre esses dois setores é limitada, principalmente, pelas seguintes características: a escolaridade do indivíduo, ser cônjuge, ser indígena e morar na zona rural. Além disso, há diferencial de rendimentos em favor dos setores não agropecuários, que também apresentam mercado de trabalho interno mais desenvolvido que a agropecuária, pois são percebidos maiores incentivos à mobilidade na carreira e à redução da rotatividade dos trabalhadores naqueles setores. A tese encerra-se com a proposição de algumas políticas que possam minimizar os efeitos da segmentação e aumentar o bem-estar dos trabalhadores. / The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the sectoral segmentation between agriculture and non-agriculture in the Brazilian labor market from 2004 to 2009. The labor market segmentation reduces the mobility of workers among sectors, changing the allocation of workers and generating income differential among them. To analyze the impact of segmentation on the allocation of workers, a multinomial choice model is estimated in order to determine the effect of each characteristic on the probability of an person belonging to one of the proposed situation of employment, unemployment and inactivity. And, to assess the impact of segmentation on the income differential, initially, the determinants of income are estimated by the Heckman procedure, controlling the selection of paid workers. The impact of segmentation on the income differential is evaluated by a binary variable for the agricultural sector (regression of income includes agriculture and other sectors) and the Oaxaca decomposition (separate regressions of income for agriculture and other sectors). Then, the income difference is explained by considering the population with two jobs, using a procedure in two stages with selection through an ordered choice model. In this model, we attempt to assess the impact of segmentation on the difference between the earnings of the first and second occupation of the same person, what permits to control the unobservable characteristics. Data used is from the National Sample Survey of Households (PNAD). The results show that there is segmentation between agriculture and non-agriculture and mobility between the two sectors is primarily limited by the following characteristics: formal education, marital status, being indigenous and living in rural areas. In addition, there is income differential in favor of non-agricultural sector, which also have internal labor market more developed than agriculture, as there are greater incentives to career mobility and reduction of labor turnover in those sectors. The thesis concludes with the proposition of some policies that can minimize the effects of segmentation and increase the welfare of workers.

The study sought to understand the labour-market experiences of Kenyan women living in Swedenfrom a precarity standpoint. Specifically, from the point of view of uncertainty and vulnerability ofAfrican migrants workers in the labor market. The research explored how individual, structural, andcultural factors influenced the choice of profession and the labour market participation of Kenyanmigrant women in Sweden. Intersectionality, Precarity and the Dual Labor Market theory were thetheories picked to make sense of the particular vulnerabilities experienced, and strategies adoptedby Kenya migrant women in the Swedish labour market. A qualitative approach was adopted by thestudy and a case-study specifically used. Semi -structured interviews were used as the tool for datacollection and the data coded and analyses thematically. The research found out that African wokenfaced challenges in the Swedish labour market despite their academic qualifications, workexperience or Swedish language skills. Gender and ethnicity were found to be contributing factorsto these women being embedded mostly in the secondary segments of the labour market. Dualismor the labor market segmentation theory- divided into two sections; the primary and the secondaryjobs proved useful as it enabled the research make sense of the participants embeddedness in thesecondary labour markets. The concept of precarity was helpful in analysing various precariouswork undertaken by the participants from the beginning of their migration to Sweden and aftermany years of being in the country. The combination of the dual labor market theory with theintersectionality approach was significant to the study as it highlighted the dichotomy and thecomplexity of interactions between race, gender and ethnicity in the labor market. The findings ofthe research generally confirmed previous studies that show that highly skilled migrant women aremostly situated in the secondary segments of the labour market or face discrimination whenpositioned in primary jobs due to their different ethnicity and different culture. The studyrecommends that further research be done with a a larger sample and the same study done in otherEuropean countries for comparison purposes.

Dans le contexte latino-américain, façonné par une urbanisation rapide, de fortes inégalités et une faiblesse des institutions de placement de la main d’oeuvre, les problématiques liées à la structure du marché du travail et à l’effet des dispositifs d’intermédiation relationnelle sur les performances dans l’emploi apparaissent fondamentales. Cette thèse se propose de décrire la structure du marché du travail et d’analyser les effets des réseaux de relations sur la qualité de l’emploi et les performances des actifs occupés à Bogota (Colombie). Elle adopte une démarche de recherche pluridisciplinaire reposant sur un cadre d’analyse socioéconomique et institutionnaliste. Dans une première partie, une réflexion théorique et analytique est tout d’abord conduite autour de la notion de qualité de l’emploi envisagée comme un nouvel indicateur de performance. Au prisme de la théorie de la segmentation du marché du travail, l’analyse de ce nouvel indicateur permet d’envisager les logiques et les effets différentiés du recours aux relations sociales. À partir de données quantitatives (enquête ménage geih de 2013) et qualitatives (entretiens collectifs), l’analyse exploratoire multidimensionnelle, économétrique et compréhensive permet de vérifier que : (i.) la qualité de l’emploi traduit une structure fortement polarisée du marché du travail à Bogota, (ii.) l’usage des relations est associé différemment à la qualité de l’emploi des travailleurs en fonction de leur segment, des réseaux de nécessité (segment vulnérable) s’opposant à des réseaux d’opportunité (segment protégé). Dans une seconde partie, s’appuyant sur les théories de l’encastrement et de la sociologie des réseaux, la thèse se propose d’explorer plus précisément les effets des différentes dimensions, configurations et mécanismes de réseau de relations personnelles sur les performances dans l’emploi. À partir d’un système spécifique d’enquêtes mixtes déployé à Bogota entre 2016 et 2018 des données originales de réseaux égocentrés ont été collectées. Les analyses statistiques multidimensionnelles et économétriques ainsi que l’analyse des narrations quantifiées mettent en évidence que : (i.) la combinaison entre un réseau potentiel étendu et un réseau actif cohésif augmente le temps de recherche mais aussi la probabilité de trouver un emploi plus satisfaisant, (ii.) la force des liens apparaît contextualisée et est corrélée négativement avec le revenu et positivement avec l’évolution de ce dernier entre deux emplois, (iii.) au cours des trajectoires professionnelles des acteurs, les ressources nécessaires et les relations permettant d’y accéder se différencient nettement en fonction du type de changement d’emploi (incrémental ou radical). / In the Latin American context, shaped by rapid urbanization, high inequalities and the weakness of labor institutions, issues related to the structure of the labor market and the effect of relational intermediation on job performance appear fundamental. This thesis aims to describe the structure of employment and analyzes the effects of social networks on the quality of employment and the performance of workers in Bogota’s labor market (Colombia). This work adopts a multidisciplinary research approach based on a socioeconomic and institutionalist framework. In the first part, a theoretical and analytical reflection is conducted through the notion of quality of employment, to overcome the classical typologies commonly used in developing countries. From this perspective, quality of employment can be seen as a new performance indicator grasped through the prism of the labor market segmentation theory, making possible to consider the rationales and the differential effects produced by the use of social networks. Subsequently, based on quantitative data from the household survey (geih, 2013) supplemented by information collected through focus groups, the multidimensional, econometric and comprehensive exploratory analysis allows to empirically verify that : (i.) quality of employment reflects a strongly polarized structure of the labor market in Bogota, (ii.) the use of social networks is associated differently with the quality of employment of workers according to their segment ; opposing necessity networks (for the vulnerable segment) and opportunity networks (for the protected segment). Based on the theories of the embeddedness and the sociology of networks, the second part of this thesis proposes to explore the dimensions, configurations and mechanisms of different types of social networks to get a job. Using original data on egocentric networks collected from a specific mixed survey system deployed in Bogota between 2016 and 2018, the empirical results from multidimensional and econometric analyzes and, the application of quantified narratives method demonstrate that : (i.) the combination of an extended potential network and a cohesive active network increases the search time but also the probability of finding a satisfactory job, (ii.) the strength of ties appears contextualized and negatively correlated with income but positively with its evolution between the last and the current job, (iii.) during the actors’ labor market trajectories, the necessary resources for changing job and the relationships to access them are clearly differentiated by the type of evolution (incremental or radical).